Программа вступительного испытания по «Теории языка»
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The Lymphatic System / Лимфатическая системаThe lymphatic system is a complex network of vessels, ducts and capillaries, which run through out the body. There are many ?components’ in the lymphatic system, including; lymph fluid, lymphatic vessels, the lymphatic duct, lymph nodes, lacteals and the spleen. The lymphatic system and it’s importance were not recognised until the 1960′s. The lymphatic system has 3 main importance’s and functions. The lymphatic system plays a large part in the immunity of the human body, It aids in resisting the spread of disease. The system does this by identifying, removing and destroying toxic substances. Another primary function of the lymphatic system is the transportation of digested fats away from the intestine to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system transports a fluid known as lymph. Lymph consists of a diluted blood plasma and a large number of white blood cells. The majority of the white blood cells are lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are manufactured by bone marrow. Lymph may also contain a small amount of red blood cells. Lymph is transported around the human body travelling from the blood stream through lymphatic vessels. Passing through ?glands’ known a lymph nodes. As lymph travels through the lymphatic vessels lymphocytes are released to attack foreign bodies and toxic substances found in the system. Lymph nodes also assist in the attack of foreign bodies. Lymph nodes are situated at regular intervals throughout the lymphatic system and are pocket-like in structure. The nodes contain a number of Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells. Nodes also produce phagocytes. Leukocytes and phagocytes destroy poisonous substances. Once lymph has passed through the vessels it enter the lymphatic capillaries. These capillaries are similar to very thin veins and carry the lymph to the main lymph duct. Lymphatic capillaries collect digested fat in the intestine and carry it away from the tissue. The main organ that is included in the lymphatic system, is the spleen. The spleen is related to the circulatory system. It plays a part in the human body’s immune system and works with and as part of the lymphatic system to destroy old red blood cells which may cause a danger to the body. It is only very recently that the various functions of the spleen have been discovered. The spleen has various other functions that are not connected to the function of the lymphatic system; these include, the production of opsonins, properdin, and tuftsin and the creation and storage of red blood cells There several conditions that can affect the lymphatic system these include; inflammation of the lymphatic, tuberculosis of the lymph nodes, malignancies and elephantiasis. We can therefore see that the lymphatic system plays a very important role in protecting the body from toxins, poisonous substances and illness. The U.S. Economy in the 1920s / Экономика США 20-х ггEconomic growth in the 1920’s was impressive, many Americans would purchase new cars, houses and appliances, many of these were new products that had recently been invented. The other aspect of the economy was mass production on assembly lines; automobile manufacturing skyrocketed in part because of the assembly line, these new techniques and inventions to manufacturing led to more production and lower labor cost. One of the items which would find its way into American households was the radio, in 1921 there was one radio station in the United States but by 1929 there was 606 this in part to the sales of radios which increased from 100,000 in 1922 to nearly 4.4 million in 1929, the same increase could be seen in automobiles, 1920 there was 1.9 million automobiles manufactured and by 1929 this number jumped to almost 4.5 million. What caused these increases was in part new technology, but also the booming economy in the 1920’s allowed for the common American to purchase these items also which in turn would cause the government to increase spending on certain projects. One of these projects was the federal highway system, with so many people now owning cars and traveling the government started building roads to accommodate these cars, the number of miles created rose throughout the decade. Within the population there was an increase in school enrollment, from 2.2 million in 1920 to 4.3 million in 1930 and this just in the secondary schools, this caused the government to build more schools to house these students. During the 1920’s there was less need for foreign workers and this caused action by the federal government, the immigration act of 1921 limited the number of immigrants entering the U.S. by limiting the people coming from a specific nation to 3 percent of that nationality’s resident population in the United States, again in 1924 another immigration act was passed and it limited the number even further to only 2 percent. With the number of immigrants entering the country being limited the labor force grew more than the population but this was not simply because of the government limits but because the economies of other countries were also doing very well and less people wished to immigrate. During the years of 1925 to 1929, U.S. Manufacturing production represented more than 42 percent of the manufacturing that took place throughout the world and exports were nearly double the amount of imports for the entire decade, in fact the government had little to do with this, after the first world war ended the United States was one of the few countries which it’s infrastructure did not suffer the devastating effects of bombing and destruction. Even with the increase in output most workers did not see an increase in wages or jobs, with automation came need for less workers and profits for business increased, big business did very well in the 1920’s. Big business had such power that unions did poorly in the decade, unions were weekend in the early 20’s, this in part because employers used “yellow dog contracts” to keep unions out, and this contract was signed by employees stipulating they had nor would associate with unions, the memberships in unions declined by half by 1930. The last boom of the decade was the stock market, companies borrowed to buy stock, when the crash happened companies lost everything and went out of business and the employees lost their jobs and income to make purchases which had a domino effect on the economy. When Herbert Hoover was elected president it was just months before the collapse of the stock market, Hoover thought government should stay out of the way of the economy, but his soluoution with raising unemployment and facing a major recession was to have the federal reserve raise interest rates and Hoover also increased taxes, both of these just added fuel to the fire and made things worse for the population. In 1929 personal disposable income was 1,254.00; it would not reach this point again until 1940, unemployment increased and manufacturing output declined, during the 1920’s and average of 600 banks a year went bankrupt, in 1933 during the depression over 4000 closed their doors in that one year. Government growth in the 1920’s was less than any decade before, Presidents Harding and Coolidge both did little to move the economy or improve income levels for Americans, this was left to business which made a great deal of money for themselves but little improved in everyday lives of the overall population, when the stock market crashed in ’29 big business took the blame, though lack of government actions to control the economy by both Harding and Coolidge could be looked at as doing little to prevent such disasters. МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ
ПРИМЕР ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННОГО БИЛЕТА по дисциплине Английский язык 37.06.01 Психологические науки 38.06.01 Экономика 44.06.01 Образование и педагогические науки 45.06.01 Языкознание и литературоведение 46.06.01 Исторические науки и археология 49.06.01 Физическая культура и спорт 39.06.01 Социологические науки 06.06.01 Биологические науки ПРИМЕРНЫЙ БИЛЕТ
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