Методические рекомендации по выполнению самостоятельной работы для студентов по дисциплине «иностранный язык»

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Название	Методические рекомендации по выполнению самостоятельной работы для студентов по дисциплине «иностранный язык»
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Тип	Методические рекомендации

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Advantages and Disadvantages of the Village Life and City Life

In the present world, more and more people are moving to cities in search of a better life. This leads to the question of comparison of city life and village life; there is a clear difference between these two lifestyles. First let us briefly discuss these two lifestyles before moving on to the difference between village life and city life.

City is often described as a large and a highly populated area. Therefore, city life is living in a large populated, technologically advanced area. According to World Health Organization, 54% of the world’s population lived in urban areas by 2014. A city is technologically more advanced and complex than the countryside. Therefore, there are many advantages in living in a city. Technology makes our lives easy in a city. Cities have many facilities like high-quality hospitals, educational institutes, banks, shops and other business institutes. This makes our life easy as we can access the facilities provided by these institutes and organizations without delay. Moreover many employment opportunities are available in the city as many major business institutes, factories are located here. City life also gives us access to developed infrastructure facilities like water, electricity, telecommunication and transportation facilities.

However, we can also notice a difference in the behavior of the people living in the city. City dwellers tend to be busier, ambitious and distant compared to the village folk.

A village is defined as a small community or a group of houses in a rural area. Thus, village life can be defined as living in a small community or a group of houses in a rural area. A village is calm and quiet, and you can spend a close to nature lifestyle in the village. The abundance of natural beauty and resources is one benefit of village life. A village is not as technologically developed as a city, and people who live in the village do not get the opportunity to use many facilities. They face difficulties in obtaining even basic facilities such as medication and education.

However, people living in cities are often kind and friendly. They are warm-hearted and ready to help each other.

The major difference between village life and city life is the facilities; many modern facilities available in the city, make our lives easier and efficient. However, it is often difficult for villagers to get even the most basic of facilities. Moreover, there is a variety of employment opportunities in a city. Another significant difference between village life and city life is the environment; living in a village facilitates a closer to nature lifestyle while living in the city further distance people from nature. In fact, a city life is characterized by various types of pollution such as noise pollution, sound pollution, air pollution, etc. A village is calm and quiet, and villagers can enjoy the natural beauty. Another noteworthy feature in village life is that villagers are more kind, friendly and warm-hearted than city dwellers. People living in cities are relatively busy, selfish and solitary compared to villagers. In addition, another advantage of village life is that cost of living is relatively lower than in the city.

II. Составить словарь незнакомых слов к тексу «Advantages and Disadvantages of the Village Life and City Life».

III. Ответить на вопросы:

1.   What are advantages and disadvantages of living in a city?
2.   Where do you prefer to live: in the city or in the countryside?
3.   Why do young people prefer to live in the city?
4.   Why do many people prefer the peace of the countryside?
5.   What city (village) do you live in?
6.   What are advantages and disadvantages of living in your native city (village)?
IV. Подготовиться к дискуссии о преимуществах и недостатках жизни в городе и деревне.
V. Выполнить упражнения.

Определите неличную форму глагола:

1. I noticed a letter lying on the table.
2. Knitting takes a lot of patience.
3. I managed to pass the exam.
4. Playing computer games on a big screen is fun.
5. I like to drive sports cars.
6. The broken cup was on the floor.
7. The girl had long hair streaming down her shoulders.
8. His car needs washing.
9. The faded leaves fell to the ground.
10. Pauline likes to write letters.

11. Finding a new method is the only way out.
12. Your duty was to inform me about it immediately.
13. Look at the man crossing the street.
14. Не left the room without saying good-bye or looking at us.
15. Delivered goods will be stored in our warehouse.
VI. Подготовить презентацию «Мой родной город (Моя родная деревня)».
VII. Придумать и записать 10 предложений с использованием лексики по теме.
VIII. Подготовиться к сдаче лексики по теме.
IX. Подготовиться к контрольной работе.
Самостоятельная работа № 4. «Искусство и культура / Art and Culture».

Количество часов – 6.
Вопросы для изучения

1. Повторение названий видов искусства, чудес света.

2. Изучение новых лексических единиц.

3. Изучение грамматического материала по теме:

- формы модальных глаголов can, may, must в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем временах;

- условные предложения.
Задания

I. Прочитать и перевести текст.

Arts

Art is defined in encyclopedias as the process and result of making material works, which reflect beauty or reality. The 'creative arts' denote a number of disciplines whose purpose is to create material things which reflect a message, mood, and symbols for the viewer to interpret.

Art includes various forms such as prose writing, poetry, dance, acting, sculpture, painting, music, etc. The term 'arts' often means 'fine arts' — painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving. Installation art, furniture, industrial design, graphic design and others are included in applied arts. There are a variety of arts, including visual arts and design, decorative arts, plastic arts, and the performing arts. Artistic expression may take many forms: painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, music and architecture. New forms include photography, film, video art, conceptual art, performance art, land art, fashion, comics, computer art. Within each form, a wide range of genres may exist.

Of all the forms of art, I prefer painting and music. I am really interested in painting for several reasons. Firstly, it is one of the oldest forms of art. Humans have been painting for about 6 times as long as they have been writing. The oldest painting found is over 32,000 years old. Painting is a form of art which is believed by many to express feelings and ideas in the visual form. Using visual images — colours, light and shade, forms and shape, a painter makes us understand his concept of life, share his feelings and enjoy the beauty of the world. Secondly, painting offers you a wide choice of styles, it allows us to be as specific or abstract as we please. From the wide range of various art schools and styles (realism, impressionism, cubism, fauvism, surrealism, modernism, pop art, etc.) you can choose one to your liking. The art schools I prefer are realism and impressionism, as I think they depict form and mood in the most distinct and vivid way.

The second form of art I am really keen on is music. The term 'music' is difficult to define. It can be explained, for example, as the art of making pleasing combinations of sounds in rhythm, harmony and counterpoint. The music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence of performers. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Firstly, music helps me relax and relieve stress. When I listen to music, classical, jazz, rap or any other type of music I enjoy, I forget about the troubles of everyday life; music provides an escape from everyday problems. Stress melts away as I am taken in by the beauty of the music. It can help me feel calm and deeply relaxed. Secondly, music affects my emotions. Each type of music sets distinct mood and changes mine. In doing so, it appeals both to my mind and to the subconscious. Whether I am feeling sad, frustrated or confused, I listen to merry or tender music, and my mood shifts.

There are many divisions and groupings of music. Among the larger genres are classical music, popular music or commercial music, country music and folk music. Classical music is sophisticated and refined, but it is a universal form of communication, it historically was the music of the upper strata of society. Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public; it is mostly distributed commercially. It is sometimes abbreviated to pop music, although pop music is more often used for a narrower branch of popular music. Pop music is usually memorable, with voices, lyrics, instruments creating catchy tunes. Pop music attracts listeners through easy sound images.
II. Составить словарь незнакомых слов к тексу «Arts».
III. Составить план текста.
IV. Написать эссе «Роль искусства в жизни человека».
V. Составить диалог «В галерее».
VI. Выполнить упражнения.

Переведите письменно предложения, используя модальные глаголы can, may, must . Поставьте предложения в прошедшем и будущем временах.

1. Он умеет писать стихи.
2. Мы должны построить этот дом до осени.
3. Я должен сделать это.
4. Вы можете (разрешение) идти домой.
5. Я могу (разрешение) плавать.
6. Они могут читать сложные тексты.
VII. Подготовить презентации об известных художниках, музыкантах, актерах, писателях (по выбору).
VIII. Подготовиться к сдаче лексики по теме.
IX. Подготовиться к контрольной работе.
Самостоятельная работа № 5. «Человек и природа / Man and nature».

Количество часов – 5 .
Вопросы для изучения

1. Повторение названий погодных явлений и животных.

2. Изучение новых лексических единиц.

3. Изучение грамматического материала по теме:

- страдательный залог;

- согласование времен; прямая и косвенная речь.
Задания

I. Прочитать и перевести текст.

The environmental Protection

People all over the world are worried about what is happening to the environment. Newspapers and magazines write about air pollution, land pollution and water pollution. They write that the Earth is our home and all people must take care of it. We must do everything possible to save the nature, to make our rivers and air clean. The importance of this task in pointed out by scientists. The branch of science that deals with the relation of living things to their environment is
called ecology. From the point of view of ecology the mankind should first of all lessen pollution.

Forest areas and nature parks are of great importance for people’s health. It’s necessary to create nature parks. We have not only to protect them but to see that they multiply.

Considerable progress was made during the second half of the century: forest areas have been planted or replanted, millions of hectares of new forests are planted each year.

Groups like “Greenpiece” have already helped to stop whale hunting. Now they want to stop fur-hunting, too. Like many other organizations they believe in “animal rights”.

The closed cycle use of water by industry was put into practice. Each factory purifies and re-uses the save water, instead of taking more from rivers or lakes. Most of the factories in the gas, iron, and steel industries now operate closed cycle
water systems.

Nature has it s rights, and it is the duty of man to respect and defend these rights.
II. Составить словарь незнакомых слов к тексу «The environmental Protection».
III. Составить план текста.
IV. Пересказать текст.
V. Написать эссе «У природы нет плохой погоды».
VI. Составить диалог «Спасем нашу планету!»
VII. Выполнить упражнение.

Преобразовать предложения из активного залога в пассивный.

1. Sam baked a big cake.
2. Susan found her car keys.
3. They will start an interesting show at 7 p.m.
4. We buy juices in this shop.
5. Kate cooks dinner every day.
6. I wrote a letter to my cousin yesterday.
7. Your friends will give you a piece of advice.
8. Jeremy opened the present.
9. I will buy the curtains for my bedroom.

10. My sister will wash the dishes.
VIII. Подготовиться к дискуссии «Современные экологические проблемы».
IX. Подготовиться к сдаче лексики по теме.
X. Подготовиться к контрольной работе.

Самостоятельная работа № 6. «Работа, карьера / Job and Career».

Количество часов – 8.
Вопросы для изучения

1. Повторение названий профессий; черт характера, которыми обладают люди разных видов профессий.

2. Изучение новых лексических единиц.

3. Изучение теоретического материала по теме:

- требования к написанию делового письма;

- требования к написанию резюме;

- времена группы Perfect Continuous.
Задания

I. Прочитать и перевести текст (по выбору).
Shipbuilding

Shipbuilding is the construction of ships. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.

Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as the ‘naval sector’. The construction of boats is a similar activity called boat building. The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking.

Evidence from ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians already knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC. The oldest ships were constructed of wooden planks which were ‘sewn’ together.

In the 2nd millennium BC the ships of Ancient Egypt’s Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters (80 ft) in length, and had a single mast, sometimes consisting of two poles lashed together at the top making an A shape. They mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled.

In the 1st millennium BC the Chinese built large rectangular barges known as ‘castle ships’, essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. It was in 1st century China that the stern-mounted rudder was first developed.

Viking long ships developed from an alternate tradition of clinker-built hulls fastened with leather thongs. Sometime around the 12th century, northern European ships began to be built with a straight sternpost, enabling the mounting of a rudder, which was much more durable than a steering oar, held over the side. Development in the Middle Ages favored ‘round ships’, with a broad beam and heavily curved at both ends.

The introduction of cannons onto ships in the 18th century encouraged the development of tumblehome, the inward slant of the above water hull, for additional stability, as well as techniques for strengthening the internal frame.

Iron was gradually adopted in ship construction, initially in small areas needing greater strength, then throughout, although initially copying wooden construction. Steel supplanted wrought iron when it became readily available in the latter half of the 19th century. Wood continued to be favored for the decks, and is still the rule as deck covering for modern cruise ships.

The modern global shipbuilding industry is currently dominated by South Korea, which is by far the world’s largest shipbuilding nation in terms of tonnage and number of vessels built, in spite of high labour cost, producing more ships than the entire world output combined in 2008. This is largely due to its highly advanced shipbuilding technology and high productivity and efficiency of its shipyards.
Welding & Machine Trades

Welding is a skill used by many trades: sheet metal workers, ironworkers, diesel mechanics, boilermakers, carpenters, marine construction, steamfitters, glaziers, repair and maintenance personnel in applications ranging from the home hobbyist to heavy fabrication of bridges, ships and many other projects. A variety of welding
processes are used to join units of metal. As a welder, you may work for shipyards, manufacturers, contractors, federal, state, county, and city governments, firms requiring maintenance mechanics, and repair shops.

Welding, while very physically demanding, can be very rewarding for those who enjoy working with their hands. Welders need good eyesight, manual dexterity and hand-eye coordination. They should also be able to concentrate for long periods of time on very detailed work, as well as be in good enough physical shape to bend and stoop, often holding awkward positions for long periods of time. Welders work in a variety of environments, both indoors and out, using heat to melt and fuse separate
pieces of metal together. Training and skill levels can vary, with a few weeks of school or on-the-job training for the lowest level job and several years of school and experience for the more skilled welding positions.

Skilled welders often select and set up the welding equipment, execute the weld, and then examine the welds in order to make sure they meet the appropriate specifications. They may also be trained to work in a variety of materials, such as plastic, titanium or aluminum. Those with less training perform more routine tasks, such as the welds on jobs that have already been laid out, and are not able to work with as many different materials.

While the need for welders as a whole should continue to grow about as fast as average, according the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for low-skilled welders should decrease dramatically, as many companies move towards automation. However, this will be partially balanced out by the fact that the demand for machine setters, operators and tenders should increase. And more skilled welders on construction projects and equipment repair should not be affected, as most of these jobs cannot be easily automated. Because of the increased need for highly skilled welders, those with formal training will have a much better chance of getting the position they desire. For those considering to prepare themselves to a meaningful
welding-career, there are many options available.

There are also different professional specialties and levels, that should be understood to make an informed choice. Some of these are: welder, welding machine operator, welding technician, welding schedule developer, welding procedure writer, testing laboratory technician, welding non destructive testing inspector, welding supervisor, welding instructor, welding engineer.

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