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Тексты и задания страноведческой тематики NIT I 1. Прочитайте текст, переведите и подготовьте устную тему: Russia. Geographical Position and Political System. If we have a look at the world map, we will notice immediately that Russia is the largest country on our planet. It’s total area is 17,075,200 sq km. Just to better realize how large our country is it is enough to say that it occupies almost one-seventh of the Earth’s surface and it is approximately 1.8 times the size of the USA. Moscow is the capital of Russia and is the most important city in the country due to its central role in the economic, political, scientific and cultural life of the country. Russia is situated in two continents and the Urals make a natural divide of the country: the territory west of the Urals is included into eastern part of Europe and the territory east of the Urals is included into northern Asia. Russia’s climatic conditions range from sub arctic in the north to subtropical in the south with temperate and continental in the middle of the country. The country is washed by 13 seas and 3 oceans. Drinking water supply is made up by more than two million rivers and lots of beautiful lakes. The Volga is one of the largest rivers worldwide, whereas Lake Baikal actually is the deepest lake in the world and is considered by many scientists a natural wonder due to its fascinating flora and fauna. The lowest point in Russia is in the Caspian Sea (-28 m below the sea level), and the highest point is Mount Elbrus (5,630 m above the sea level). Our country is one of the richest in natural resources, which include large deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many other minerals. According to the latest population census conducted in 2004, there are 143,782,338 people in Russia. Russia’s border line length is more than 20,000 km and it borders on the following countries: Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Latvia, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast), Mongolia, Norway, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast), and Ukraine. Besides, Russia has a sea-boundary with the American state of Alaska in the Far East. Administratively, our country is composed of the following divisions: 49 oblasts, 21 republics, 10 autonomous okrugs, 6 krays, 2 federal cities, and 1 autonomous oblast. Russia is a federation. According to that type of government, power is formally divided by the constitution between the central or federal authority and all its constituent regions, that is oblasts, okrugs, krays. The executive branch of the Russian Federation is composed of the president, and the government headed by the prime minister. Since 7 May 2008, Dmitry Anatolievich Medvedev has been the chief of state. There is also a so-called Presidential Administration, which supports the president with advice, makes drafts of presidential decrees. Presidents in Russia are elected by popular vote every four years The Russian Legislative branch, also known as Federal Assembly, is composed of two parliamentary chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma. The Federation Council has 178 seats. Its members are appointed by each of the 89 federal administrative units and serve four-year terms. As for the State Duma, there are 450 seats there. Its members are elected by direct, popular vote and serve four-year terms as well as the Federation Council members. The following parties are currently represented in the State Duma: United Russia, Communist Party, LDPR, Motherland, People’s Party, and other. The Judicial Branch of the Russian Federation is composed of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and other lower level courts. It is important to note that judges for all types of courts are recommended by the president and later appointed by the Federation Council. 2. Дайте ответ на вопросы: 1. What is the total area of Russia? 2. What city is the capital of Russia? 3. What continent is Russia situated in? 4. What makes a natural divide of the country? 5. How do Russia’s climatic conditions range? 6. How many seas and oceans wash Russia? 7. What is the deepest lake in the world? 8. What is the lowest and the highest point in Russia? 9. What natural resources is Russia rich in? 10. What countries does Russia border on? 11. How is our country administratively divided? 12. Who is the president of Russia? 13. How is the Russian Legislative branch composed? 14. How many seats are there in the Federation Council (the State Duma)? 15.Which parties are currently represented in the State Duma? 16. How is the Judicial Branch of the Russian Federation composed? 3. Вставьте-артикль, где необходимо. ... Russia is such ... large country that when it is night in one part of ... country, it is day in another part, when it is winter in one part of ... country, it is already summer in another. Imagine it is ... be¬ginning of ... May now. It is spring in ... St. Petersburg. ... weather is fine. It is still cool at... night, but it is quite warm in ... afternoon. It some¬times rains, but ... rain is warm, too. ... ground is covered with ... soft green grass, and ... trees are covered with ... green leaves. But while it is spring in St. Petersburg, it is still winter in ... north of our country at ... beginning of ... May. Here it is cold and sometimes frosty, ... rivers and ... seas are cov¬ered with ... ice. ... ice does not melt in some places even in summer. ... ground is covered with ... deep snow. In ... south of our country ... weather is quite different. It is already summer in ... Caucasus and in ... Crimea. It is much warmer than in St. Petersburg. It is sometimes even hot. ... sky is usually cloudless and it seldom rains here. People wear ... summer clothes. 4. Переведите на английский язык: 1. Россия расположена в восточной части Европы и северной части Азии. 2. Обширная территория России омывается Северным Ле¬довитым, Атлантическим и Тихим океанами. 3. Россия граничит с Монголией, Китаем, Финляндией и другими странами. 4. Россия располагает большим количеством месторожде¬ний полезных ископаемых. 5. Полезные ископаемые России включают нефть, газ, уголь, железо, золото и др. 6. Форма правления в России, одной из ведущих мировых держав, — президентская респуб¬лика. 7. Волга, крупнейшая река России, впадает в Каспийское море. 8. Среди крупнейших горных цепей России – Урал, отделяющий Европу от Азии. 9. Россия – страна с высокоразвитой промышленностью и сельским хозяйством. 5. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму: State System of Russia Russia (to be) a parliamentary republic. Head of State in this country (to be) the President. The government (to consist) of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President (to control) each of them. The legislative power (to exercise) by the Federal Assembly. It (to consist) of two chambers: the Council of Federation and the State Duma. Each chamber (to head) by the Speaker. A bill may (to introduce) in any chamber. A bill (to become) a law if it (to approve) by both chambers and (to sign) by the President. The President may (to veto) the bill. He can (to make) international treaties. The President may also (to appoint) ministers; the Federal Assembly (to approve) them. The members of the Federal Assembly (to elect) by the people for four years. The executive power (to belong) to the Government, or the Cabinet of Ministers. The government (to head) by the Prime Minister. The judicial power (to belong) to the system of courts. It (to consist) of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and other courts. The national symbol of Russia (to be) a white-blue-and-red banner. The coat-of-arms of the Russian Federation (to be) the double-headed eagle. NIT II 1. Прочитайте текст, переведите и подготовьте устную тему: The United Kingdom. Geographical Position and Political System. The official name of Great Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Sometimes, a short name for this country is used, which is the UK. The capital of the country is London. The United Kingdom is situated northwest of France on more than five hundred islands including one-sixth of the island of Ireland. The largest of these islands is called Great Britain. We should note that the name Great Britain does not refer to the whole country but only to England, Scotland, and Wales. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe and eighth largest in the world. It is almost twice the size of Iceland or Cuba. The total area of the UK is over 244,000 sq km. The UK is 500 km wide and approximately 1,000 km long. However, due to the deeply indented coast line, no point is farther than 125 km from the tidal waters. The UK has land boundaries only with one country, Ireland. Its closest continental neighbours are France and Belgium. Since the United Kingdom is an island country, it is surrounded by water: by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea in the north-west and west, and by the North Sea in the east. The Great Britain is separated from the European mainland by the English Channel. In the north-west, it is separated from the island of Ireland by the North Channel. The geographical position of the country was favourable for sea trade, which partly accounts for the country’s economic success story. Although the UK is as close to the North Pole as eastern part of Siberia, its climate is much milder. The British climate is notorious for sudden changes, yet temperatures rarely fall below -10C or go higher than +32C. The lowest point in the UK is The Fens, which is 4 metres below the sea level. The highest point in the country is mount Ben Nevis, which is 1,343 m high. The country boasts relatively large deposits of natural resources such as coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, limestone, salt, and others. The UK used to consume much coal in the past which lead to the SMOG in the fifties of the last century and persuaded the government of the country to opt for more environment-friendly sources of energy. According to the last estimates in 2004, there are 60,270,000 people in the UK most of whom are English (80%). People of Scottish origin make up almost 10% of the population, Irish 2.5%, and Welsh almost 2%. The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy, which actually means that the legislature or the parliament selects the government composed of a prime minister along with the cabinet ministers according to party strength as expressed in elections. That is if a political party has won most votes in the parliamentary elections, it is going to form the government of the country also called the cabinet. At the same time, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy traditionally ruled by a monarch. The current monarch, her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, succeeded to the throne in 1952 and is Head of State, though this is a rather symbolic role. British Parliament is the oldest in the world and is composed of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of approximately 500 life peers (that is those who may sit in the Parliament all their lives), 92 hereditary peers (that is those whose children will have the right to sit in the Parliament) and 26 clergy representing church. Apart from its parliamentary functions, the House of Lords is the highest court in the state. The House of Commons, unlike the House of Lords, is formed by regular elections in which citizens elect 659 members of parliament (or MPs) representing different political parties. The largest parties are the Labour Party and the Conservative Party. 2. Дайте ответ на вопросы: 1. What is the official name of Great Britain? 2. What is the capital of the country? 3. What is the total area of the UK? 4. What islands is the United Kingdom situated on? 5. What is the country's population? 6. What is the United Kingdom made up of? 7. What is the United Kingdom washed by? 8. How can you characterize the surface of the British Isles? 9. What is the climate of Great Britain 10. What are Britain's chief industries7 11. What is Britain's political system? 3. Переведите на английский язык: 1. Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположено на Британских островах, состоя¬щих из двух больших и тысяч малых островов. 2. Население Великобритании в основном городское и составляет более 57 миллионов человек. 3. Соединенное Королевство состоит из четырех частей; в Великобританию входят Англия, Шотландия и Уэльс. 4. Британские острова омываются Атлантическим океаном, Ирландским морем, Северным морем и проливами Ла-Манш и Па-де-Кале. 5. Британские острова состоят из гористой части и низин. 6. Реки в Великобритании не очень длинные. 7. На климат Великобритании оказывает влияние Гольфстрим 8. Великобритания производит и экспортирует станки, элек¬тронику, текстиль, суда. 9. Великобритания— конституционная монархия. 4. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо: a) …United Kingdom of…Great Britain and …Northern Ireland is situated on … British Isles. … British Isles consist of… two large islands, …Great Britain and …Ireland, and about five thousands small …islands. Their total area is over 244 000 square kilometres. … United Kingdom is one of … world's smaller …countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 percent of … population is urban. … United Kingdom is made up of four countries: …England, …Wales,… Scotland and… Northern Ireland. Their capitals are …London,… Cardiff, …Edinburgh and…Belfast respectively. …Great Britain consists of …England, …Scotland and …Wales and does not include …Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech "…Great Britain" is used in … meaning of … "United Kingdom of …Great Britain and… Northern Ireland". The capital of … UK is …London. … British Isles are separated from …Continent by …North Sea, … English Channel and … Strait of Dover… western coast of …Great Britain is washed by …Atlantic Ocean and … Irish Sea. … surface of … British Isles varies very much. …north of …Scotland is mountainous and is called …Highlands. … south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called …Lowlands. … north and …west of …England are mountainous, but … eastern, central and south-eastern parts of England are … vast plain. Mountains are not very high. …Ben Nevis in …Scotland is … highest mountain (1,343 m). There are … lot of rivers in …Great Britain, but they are not very long. … Severn is … longest river, while … Thames is … deepest and … most important one. The mountains, …Atlantic Ocean and … warm waters of … Gulf Stream influence …climate of …British Isles. …UK is …constitutional monarchy with …parliament and…Queen as …Head of State. b) ... British Isles ... British Isles lie off ... north-west coast of conttinental Europe. They are made up of ... Great Britain (... England, ... Scotland and ... Wales) and ... Ireland (… Northern Ireland and ... independent Irish Republic) and some 5,500 smaller islands. ... whole territory of ... British Isles is 244,000 square kilometres. We will not find ... high mountains or ... large plains in Britain. Everything occupies ... little place. … nature, it seems, has carefully adapted ... things- …mountains, ... plains, ... rivers, ... lakes—to ... size of ... island itself. ... mountain 12,000 feet high would be ... wonder there. So would be ... plain 400 miles long, ... river as wide and deep as ... Mississippi. Most of ... plains lie to ... east; ... west is hilly or mountainous. ... mountains even in ... highest part of England are only ... little over 3,000 feet high. ... high¬est mountain in ... British Isles is ... Ben Nevis in ... Scotland, 4,406 feet high. ... longest river is ... Severn, about 2000 miles long. ... highest waterfall is 370 feet high. Too often ... visitor who has only ... few days to spend sees only ... Lowland England, and so he cannot see ... contrasts between ... wild fiords of ... Scotland, ... rocks of ... North Wales, ... smiling orchardland of ... Kent, and ... open moorland of ... Sutherland. These contrasts are often not far from ... big cities. ... climate of ... British Isles is influenced by ... At¬lantic Ocean. ... winters are not so cold as they can be on ... contin¬ent, but .... summers are not so warm as they usually are on ... other side of ... Channel. In ... other words, ... Great Britain has ... mild climate, but because of ... length of ... British Isles ... temperatures differ from ... district to ... district. ... North is certainly colder than ... South, but in ... winter ... coldest districts are …eastern ones. ... climate here is more, like that in ... Central Europe. On ... whole ... weather changes very often and there are ... few sunny days. Britain has ... rain in every month of ... year. ... rainiest months in Britain are ... November, ... January and ... February. Usually there is ... little snow in ... winter. 5. Перескажите тексты упр.4 а, в NIT III 1. Прочитайте текст, переведите и подготовьте устную тему: English Speaking Countries Today, more than 300 million people use the English language as their native language. Although English is the official or one of the official languages in over 45 countries, the most important English speaking countries are the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Irish Republic, and New Zealand. I am going to give a brief description of all these countries. The full name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK is London. Other important cities are Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Birmingham, and Cardiff. Great Britain is actually the biggest island in Europe containing England, Wales and Scotland. Population of the UK is about 60 million people. Almost 80% of the population which is 45 million people lives in England, in Scotland over 5 million, in Wales over 3 million, and in Northern Ireland about 2 million people. Ethnically, the country consists of English, Scots, Welsh, and Irish, although there are large immigrant communities representing India, Turkey and other countries. Great Britain is administratively divided into 55 counties with certain amount of autonomy in local matters reserved by law. The UK is a parliamentary monarchy, although the monarch plays a rather symbolic role. The British Parliament is one of the oldest in the world and consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The United Kingdom is a highly developed country with many scientific and cultural centres. This country gave us a world language, almost all modern ball games and many other kinds of sport. It created a culture which influenced the evolution of the world civilization. The biggest English speaking country is the USA. It occupies almost half of the continent of Northern America and borders on Canada in the north and Mexico in the south. Having the total area of over nine million sq km it is one of the largest countries in the world. The population is about 250 million people, most of whom live in towns and cities. The administrative and political of the country is its capital Washington D.C., named after the first US President George Washington. Here are many federal institutions are situated such as Capitol, the main building of US Congress, and the White House, which is the official residence of the US President. At the same time, the main economic and financial of the USA is New York, lovingly called “Big Apple”. Second largest city in the USA is Los Angeles, an industrial and educational centre. The Wall Street in New York is the symbol of financial power of the USA. The biggest and most important stock exchange is situated on that street as well as head offices of hundreds of companies of world level. Other important US cities are: San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston. The USA consists of fifty states. Each state has its own constitution, a parliament and a government headed by a governor. The most powerful political parties of the USA are the Democratic and the Republican parties, which alternatively win the general elections for the president’s office. It is interesting that neither the constitution nor any other federal law of the USA contain anything about English as the official language of the country! The importance of the USA in today’s world politics, technology, and pop-culture cannot be overestimated and is evident. Canada is situated north of the USA. Canada is second largest country in the world after Russia. Its climate and nature is very much like in our own country. Canada has two official languages with equal status: French and English. It is divided into 10 provinces and 2 northern territories. The population is about 25 million people. Most developed territories are those adjacent to the US border. Ottawa is the capital of the country. In the past, the city was called Bytown but then given its present name in 1854. The country’s largest city and major port is Montreal. Australia is the only country in the world taking up the territory of a whole continent, which has the same name. This country is unique in many ways. It has no land borders with any countries. Its flora and fauna has exotic plants and animals you can meet only there, such as kangaroos and humming-bird. Most Australians are of British or Irish origin because it used to be the British colony and the local population used to be mercilessly killed by the colonists. Canberra, the capital of the country, was founded in 1913 as a planned capital. Australia is the largest wool producer in the world. According to some estimates, there are more sheep living in Australia than people! Australia’s only close neighboring country is New Zealand, which is situated on two islands: the North and the South Island. The capital of the country is Wellington. New Zealand has a population of nearly 3.5 million people, most of whom speak English and are of European origin. Officially, the country is headed by the British monarch, who is represented by the governor-general. Ireland’s official name is the Irish Republic. It is separated from Britain by North Channel. Its population is almost 4 million people. The official languages are English and Gaelic. The capital of the country is Dublin. It was the birthplace for many famous people such as James Joyce or Jonathan Swift. It is also the most important commercial and financial centre of Ireland. For eight hundred years up until 1922 Dublin had been under the English rule. Country’s favourable geographic position on the way of the warm ocean current called Gulf Stream makes it a nice country to visit. It is a wonderful country with striking coastlines and unspoilt landscapes. 2. Дайте ответ на вопросы: 1. How many people use English as their native language? 2. In what countries is English the official language? 3. How is the UK represented Ethnically? 4. What is the administrative division of the UK? 5. How is the UK governed? 6. What is the biggest English speaking country? 7. Where is the USA situated? 8. What countries does the USA border on? 9. What is the capital of the USA? 10. How do Americans call New York? 11. How many states does the USA consist of? 12. What are the most powerful political parties of the USA? 13. Where is Canada situated? 14. What languages are official in Canada? 15. How is Canada divided? 16. What is the capital of the country? 17. Is Australia a continent or a country? 18. What exotic plants and animals can you see in Australia? 19. What islands is New Zealand situated on? 20. What is the Capital of Australia (New Zealand)? 21. What is Ireland’s official name? 3.Поставьте глагол в нужную форму: The United States of America The Unites States of America (to situate) in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast (to wash) by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast — by the Atlantic Ocean. The total area of the USA (to be) over nine million square kilometres. The population of the USA (to be) about 250 million people; most of the population (to live) in towns and cities. The USA is a very large country, so it (to have) several different climatic regions. The coldest regions (to be) in the north and north-east. The south (to have) a subtropical climate. The United States is a land of rivers and lakes. The northern state of Minnesota is a land of 10,000 lakes. The longest rivers! in the USA are the Mississippi, the Missouri and the Rio Grande. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The United States is rich in natural and mineral resources. It (to produce) copper, oil, iron ore and coal. It is a highly-developed industrial and agricultural country. There are many big cities in the USA, such as New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and others. The national! capital is Washington, D.C. Its population (to be) about 3.4 million. Washington (to build) in the late eighteenth century as the centre of government. It (to name) after George Washington. The USA(to become) the world leading country at the beginning of the twentieth century. 4. Задайте 5 вопросов к тексту (зад. 3) 5. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо: a) NORTHERN IRELAND Northern Ireland is…very beautiful …place. It is… land-of …mountains, rivers and lakes. It has … rugged… coastline and one is nevermore than half … hour away from … coast by …car. … history of… Ireland is … tragic one. For centuries … English had tried to gain …control of… Ireland. Until … 16-th century, England controlled only… small area of …Ireland around… Dublin. …English rulers, including …King Henry VIII, …Queen Elizabeth I and …Gliver Cromwell gradually conquered … whole of …Ireland. … last area to resist …English was … province of …Ulster, in … north of… Ireland, but in … end …Irish were defeated. In 1910 Home Rule was offered to… Ireland. As … reaction …Irish patriots formed …military organizations of … Irish Volunteers. … Labour Party in …Ireland set up … Irish Citizen Army. In 1916 the Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army organized afi uprising which although… failure, laid … foundation for another stage of …fight for freedom. In 1921, … independent Irish state was established, that is … Republic of …Ireland. … people of… Ireland have always been known for their… stories and …myths. They say that giants used to live on … Antrim coast, north of …Belfast. One… giant, …Finn McCool, … commander of … king of Ireland's …army, fell in… love with …woman giant in …Scotland. He wanted her to come to …Ulster so he started to build … bridge, … Giant's …Causeway, so that she could walk across … sea. b) How New York Became America's Largest City In ... 18th century ... New York was smaller than ... Philadelphia and ... Boston. Today it is ... largest city in America. How can ... change in its size and impor¬tance be explained? To answer this question we must consider ... certain facts about ... geography, ... history, and ...,economics. Together these three will explain ... huge growth of ... America's most famous city. ... map of ... Northeast shows that four of … most heavily populated areas in this region are around ... seaports. At these points ... materials from across ... sea enter ... United States, and ... products of ... land are sent there for ... export across ... sea. ... economists know that ... places where ... trans¬portation lines meet are ... good places for making ... raw materials into ... finished goods. That is why ... seaports often have ... cities nearby. But ... cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become ... great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by ... chance. About 1815, when many Americans from ... east coast had already moved toward ... west, ... trade routes from ... ports to ... central regions of ... country began to be ... serious problem. ... slow wagons of that time, drawn by ... horses or ... oxen, were too expensive for moving ... heavy freight very far. ... Americans had long admired ... Europe's canals. In ... New York State ... canal seemed ... best solution to ... transportation problem. From ... eastern end of ... Lake Erie all ... way across ... state to ... Hudson River there is ... long strip of ... low land. Here … Erie Canal was constructed. Af¬ter several years of ... work it was completed in 1825. ... canal produced ... immediate effect. ... freight costs were to about one-tenth of what they had been... New York City, which had been smaller than ... Philadelphia and ... Boston, quickly became ...leading city of ... coast. In ... years that followed, ...transportation routes on ... Great Lakes were joined to ...routes on ... Mississippi River. Then ... New York City became ... end point of ... great inland shipping system that extended from ... Atlantic Ocean far up ... western branches of ... Mississippi. ... coming of ... railroads made ... canal shipping less important, but it tied ... New York even more closely to ... central regions of ... country. It was easier for people in ... central states to ship their goods to ...New York for ... export overseas. ... exports from ... New York were greater than ... imports. Consequently ... shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with ... passengers on ... return trip from ... Europe. ... passengers could come from ... Europe very cheaply as ... result. Thus ... New York became ... greatest port for receiving ... people from ... European countries. Many of these people remained in ... city. ... others stayed in ...New York for ... few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to ... other parts of ... United States. For these numbers of ... new Americans New York had to provide homes, ... goods and ... services. Their labor helped ... city become great. 6. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What kind of land is Northern Ireland? 2. Why is the history of Northern Ireland tragic? 3. How did English rulers conquer Ireland? 4. What was offered to Ireland in 1910? 5. What happened in Ireland in 1916? 6. When was an independent Irish state set up? 2. Переведите на английский язык: 1. Сегодня английский язык является государственным в 45 странах. 2. Великобритания – самый крупный остров в Европе. 3. Британский парламент состоит из палаты Лордов и палаты общин. 4. США – самая крупная англо-говорящая страна. 5. Столица США названа в честь первого президента Д. Вашингтона. 6. Канада – вторая по величине страна в мире после России. 7. Флора и фауна Австралии уникальны. 8. Столица Австралии Канберра, была основана в 1913 году. 9. Веллингтон – столица Новой Зеландии. 10. Ирландия – привлекает туристов поразительными пейзажами. 8. Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на вопросы: An English-speaking World Language belongs to each of us. Everyone uses words. What is it about language that makes people so curious? The answer is that there is almost nothing in our lives that is not touched by language. We live in and by language. We all speak and we all listen: so we are all interested in the origin of words, in how they appear and die. The rise of English is a story of wonderful success. When Julius Caesar landed in Britain nearly two thousand years ago, English did not exist. Five hundred years later, in the 5th century, English was already spoken by the people who inhabited Great Britain but they were not many, and their English was not the language we know today. Nearly a thousand years later, at the end of the 16th century, when William Shakespeare created his works, English was the native language of about 6 million Englishmen. At that time English was not used anywhere else except Great Britain. Nowadays, four hundred years later, 750 million people all over the world use English and half of those speak it as a mother tongue. Of all the 2700 world languages English is one of the richest. For example, compare English, German and French: English has a vocabulary of about 500 000 words, German — 185 000, and French — fewer than 100 000. At the end of the 20th century English is more widely spoken and written, than any other language has ever been. It has become the language of the planet, the first truly global language. Three quarters of the world's mail and its telexes and telegrammes are in English, More than half of the world's scientific periodicals and eighty per cent of the information in the world's computers are also in English. English is the main language of business. It is the language of sports: the official language of the Olympics. The English language surrounds us like a sea, and like the waters of a deep sea it is full of mysteries. English is and has always been constantly changing. Some words die, some change their meanings and all the time new words appear in the language. There are several ways to add new words to the language. One of them is by borrowing words from other languages. At the end of the 20th century in English there are many words that were borrowed from Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and other languages When Columbus came back from South America he brought home to Spain new plants potatoes, tomatoes and tobacco. With the plants he brought their names. This is how these words appeared in Spanish and later were borrowed from it by the English language. The words that are borrowed tell us about the countries they have come from. For example, many Italian words that are now part of English (opera, operetta, piano) have to do with music. This is natural as Italian musicians have always been among the most famous in the world. Many of the words that people borrow from other languages are names of food. Read the text again for more detailed information and answer these questions. 1. Is there anything about the language that makes you curious? What is it? 2. Are you interested in the origin of words? What words? 3. Who spoke English two thousand years ago when Julius Caesar landed in Britain? 4. Was the 5th-century English like English today? 5. How many people spoke English in Shakespeare's times? 6. How many people speak English nowadays? 7. Which of the three languages has the most words — English, French or German? Which one has the least words? 8. Do you think it's good to have an international, global language? Why? 9. Why can English be called the language of business and the language of sports? 10. From what languages did English borrow a lot of words? 11. How did the words "potato", "tomato" and "tobacco" find their way into English? 12. What words came into English from other languages? 13. What else about the history of English would you like to know? 9. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо: a) Аustralia Australia is…fifth and smallest continents, three-quarters …size of …Europe, …quarter …size of ... Africa and ... sixth ... size of ... Asia or ... Amer¬icas. On ... other hand, it is by far ... largest island in ... world, with ... coastline of 12,200 miles and ... over¬all area of almost three million square miles, which makes it slightly smaller than ... United States and about twenty-four times ... size of ... British Isles. Geologically, Australia dates back at least 2,000 million years, and ... poet who described it as "... land as old as ... time" was not far wrong. Some people be¬lieve that it was once ... part of ... Antarctic continent. There is also ... theory that until ... few million years ago it was ... part of ... great land which reached ... north to ... Asia and ... east as far as ... New Zealand. ... skel¬etal remains indicate that at one time Australia was inhabited by ... giant land fauna, for example, ... kangaroos and ... emus up to three times their present size and ...lizards up to twenty feet long. ... country's vegetation in those days was very much as it is now. In its present shape more than ... third of Australia lies within ... tropics. ... Cape York, its northern tip, is in more or less ... same latitude as ... far south of ... India and ... central islands of ... Philippines. ... southern tip of ... Tasmania has ... same latitude as ... Portland (... Maine), ... Black Sea and ... Vladivostok, because of this there is much variety in ... physical char¬acter and ... climate. It is ... rather flat country with ... not very high ranges near ... eastern coast. ... highest peak, ... Mount Kosciusco, reaches only 7,316 feet, ... quarter of ... height of ... Mount Everest. Much of ... country's interior is almost rainless, and as ... result most of ... people live on ... east and ... south-east coasts. ... large cities such as ... Sydney and ... Melbourne are crowded with ... people but ... average number of ... inhabitants to ... square mile in Australia is only four. b) Geography of the United States .... United States of America is located on ... North American continent.... western third of .,. country consists mainly of … high plateau broken by ... numerous mountain ranges... chief of which are ... Rocky Mountains. To ... west of this region lie ... Great Plains. This is ... region of ... very flat ground extending from ... Canadian border to ... Gulf of ... Mexico and eastward as far as ... Appa¬lachian Mountains. ... Appalachians are ... range or ... low mountains and ... hills running parallel to ... At¬lantic Coast and about one to two hundred miles in land. Along ... center of ... Great Plains, flowing ... south from ... Canadian border to ... Gulf of ... Mexico is ... Mississippi River. This river together with ... Missouri which joins it from ... west and ... Ohio which joins it from ... east, forms ... central river system of ... United States. In ... north are ... five Great Lakes—... Lake Superior, ... Lake Huron, ... Lake Michigan, ... Lake Erie and ... Lake Ontario which empty into ... Atlan¬tic Ocean through ... St. Lawrence River. ... Colorado River in ... southwest and ... Colombia in ... northwest are ... other principal rivers of ... country. ... climate of ... country is typical to ... other large continental areas in ... temperature zone. It is very warm in ... summer and in all of it except ... south is cold in ... winter. ... west, and especially ... southwest, is very dry. ... capital of ... United States Washington, D. C. is not located in any state, but lies between ... states of ... Maryland and .... Virginia. ... principal cities of ... U.S. are ... New York, ... Chicago, ... Philadelphia, ... Detroit, ... Los Angeles and ... Cleveland. ... popula¬tion of ... United States is not evenly spread over ... country, but is concentrated largely in ... east. ... heart of ... American agriculture is ... "corn-belt", ... belt of ... very fertile land extending from ...Ne¬braska eastwards as far as ... Pennsylvania. In this area ... principal crop is ... corn. West of ... corn-belt is ... wheat-belt extending ... north and ... south from ... Te¬xas to ... North Dakota and into … Canada. ... principal products of ... south are ... cotton and ... tobacco although ... corn is also grown here. ... ag¬riculture of ... California, because of its favorable cli¬mate, is confined largely to ... special crops, such as ... citrus crops and ... grapes. ...mineral deposits of ... U.S. are concentrated large¬ly among ... Appalachian Mountains. There are, how¬ever, ... important oil-fields in ... Texas, ... Oklahoma and ... California, and important iron mines in ... Minnesota. Because of ... overwhelming concentration of ... minerals in ... northeastern part of ... U.S. ... manufacturing is also concentrated there. 10. Передайте основное содержание текстов а, в – упр.9. NIT IV 1. Прочитайте текст, переведите и подготовьте устную тему: The Capital of our Country — Moscow. Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is the main economic, political, educational and cultural centre of our country. In Moscow there are most important state institutions. The Parliament and the Government of Russia are seated here as well as the President. Moscow is a modern megapolis. With over 10 million people it is one of the most populated in the world. It is also one of the largest with the surface of 880 sq km. It is a colourful and pulsating metropolis with innumerable places of interest and never-ending charm. Moscow has a long history. It was founded over 800 years ago by Grand Duke Yury Dolgoruki in 1147. In the beginning it was a rather unimportant town, but year after year it grew into a significant city when, finally, in the 16th century it became the capital of the country. For the period from 1712 to 1917 the capital was moved to St Petersburg. Moscow is situated on the Moskva river, which flows through the whole city. Moscow residents and tourists love to take a walk along the wonderful embankments. A boat trip on this river will open to you such city’s beauties as the Novodevichy monastery, Gorky Park and the Kremlin. The heart of the city, the Kremlin, is the city inside the city. It was built in the 12th century. There are many churches and museums inside the Kremlin as well as various governmental institutions. The Kremlin is a real masterpiece of architecture. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Tsar-cannon and the Tsar-bell which have never been actually used. Their size is truly gigantic and they are the biggest in the world. Also, one must visit the well-known Armoury Chamber, in which the Cap of Monomakh and many other historical exhibits are displayed. Close to the Kremlin is the famous Red Square where most important official public events take place, such as military parades on May 9. In the Red Square, there is also St Basil’s Cathedral, Lenin’s Mausoleum and GUM. One of the sights worthy to be visited is the newly restored Temple of Christ the Saviour. The temple was fully destroyed in the beginning of the Soviet rule after the October revolution. In its place for about eighty years there was the biggest swimming pool in the city. There are many museums and galleries in Moscow holding masterpieces of fine arts. The Tretyakov Gallery is dedicated exclusively to Russian artists of various periods and styles such as Repin, Shishkin, Ayvazovsky, Vrubel and others. In the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts one can see hundreds of masterpieces by both Russian artists as well as foreign ones. In Moscow, there are many theatres of world level. The most famous theatres are The Bolshoi, the Maly, and the Chekhov and the Gorky MHATs (Moscow Artistic Academic Theatre). The Sovremennik theatre is known to stage only plays written in the last several decades. The Lenkom theatre is famous for its rock-operas, a rather exotic genre on Russian stage. Moscow is also a scientific city. Moscow State University is the oldest and the most important in Russia. It was founded by famous Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov in 18th century. Russian State Library, formerly called Lenin Library or “Leninka”, contains more than 8 million books and is the biggest book stock in the country. Moscow metro is a unique masterpiece of its kind.There is no other city in the world where every metro station is a stunning work of art. Being extremely efficient, Moscow metro is also most fitted for such a big city. Moscow is a magnificent city. It has a great number of green parks, and wide streets. Sokolniki park, Gorki park, and Izmailovski park are amazing in every time of the year and full of people. Tverskaya Street is the central thoroughfare of the city on which the monument of the founder of the city, Yuri Dolgoruky, is situated as well as the city hall. Also significant are the New and the Old Arbat, the streets which the tourists are always eager to visit. Moscow has been sung and admired by many artists and writers. It never fails to astonish with its beauties. One can never have enough of Moscow. It takes just one visit to Moscow to fall in love with the city. 2. Дайте ответы на вопросы: 1. What is the role of Moscow in Russia? 2. When was Moscow founded? 3. When did it become the capital? 4. What part does the present-day Moscow play in the life of Russia? 5. What is the surface of Moscow? 6. What is the heart of the city? 7. What is there on the territory of the Kremlin? 8. What is the main square of Moscow? 9. What sights are worth visiting in Moscow? 10. Are there any theatres of world level in Moscow? 3. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо: Moscow`s Places of Interest …Moscow is …capital of … Russian Federation. It attracts …tourists from all over … world. …Moscow is known for its …beautiful old… cathedrals, and monasteries. Some of them date from … 15th to …17th centuries. Before …revolution of 1917 …Moscow had 350 …churches, but many of them were destroyed after … revolution. …Moscow is also noted for its… art museums. … most popular of them are …Tretyakov Gallery and … Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. … Tretyakov Gallery houses … unique collection of Russian painters. Almost all famous Russian painters are represented there. … Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts contains … vast collection of antiquities and …well-known collection of modern foreign painters including…Impressionists. … oldest part of …Moscow is … Kremlin. This is … main tourist attraction in …Moscow. … Kremlin stands at … heart of … city. … word "Kremlin" means "fortress", and … Moscow Kremlin used to be … fortress. In 1156 … small settlement of … Moscow was surrounded by … wooden wall, and became …Kremlin. … town and … Kremlin were burnt in 1237 and 1293 during … Tatar invasion, but they were rebuilt. In 1367 …Prince Dmitry Donskoy built … white-stone wall around …Kremlin. In … 15th century, by order of… grand duke Ivan III … Kremlin was surrounded by …new red-brick wall. …twenty towers of … Kremlin wall were constructed in …end of … 17th century. By that time …Moscow had already wised to be … fortress. … towers were built for decoration and had no …military significance. Five of … towers were gates. … Tainitskaya Tower had … secret passage to … Moskva river. … Spasskaya Tower is … symbol of …Russia and …Moscow. It has … famous clock; one can hear its chimes on … radio. … clock which we can see today was installed in … middle of… 19th century. … buildings inside … Kremlin wall were built between …15th and … 17th centuries. There are …Bell Tower of Ivan … Great (16 c), and …famous group of churches. …Assumption Cathedral is … largest one. It was built in 1479; …Russian tsars and emperors were crowned there. In …Archangel Cathedral one can see tombs of Moscow princes and tsars. Among them are … tombs of Ivan …Terrible, his… sons Ivan and … Tsar Fyodor. Annunciation Cathedral was built in 1484.It is noted for its frescoes by …Andrei Rublyov and his … pupils. …Granovitaya Palata is another masterpiece inside … Kremlin wall. Moscow tsars held magnificent receptions in honour of foreign …ambassadors there. …Tsar Cannon and …tsar Bell attract …crowds of …tourists, too. Outside …Kremlin Wall there is …famous Red Square. Tourists can look at … magnificent Cathedral of Vasily …Blessed, …Lenin Mausoleum and … monument to K.Minin and D. Pozharsky. 4. Перескажите текст (зад.3) 5. Переведите на английский язык: 1.Москва — административный, экономический, полити¬ческий центр России и один из крупнейших городов страны. 2. Население Москвы — около 9 миллионов человек, общая площадь — 900 000 кв. километров. 3.Москва была основана Юрием Долгоруким и впервые упоминалась в летописях в 1347 году. 4.Из пограничного поселка Москва превратилась в процве¬тающий город, столицу Московии. 5. Москва осталась центром России и стала основной целью Наполеона при нападении на Россию. 6. Москва — крупный промышленный город, город науки и образования. 7. Старинные церкви, соборы и монастыри привлекают тысячи туристов со всего света. 3. Москва знаменита своими художественными музеями, в которых размещаются уникальные коллекции произведений русских и зарубежных художников. 4. Кремль привлекает огромное количество туристов. 5. Когда небольшой поселок обнесли стеной, он стал кре¬постью. 6. Во время татарского нашествия Кремль несколько раз раз¬рушали, но быстро отстраивали. 7. Башни Кремля были построены для украшения, когда Москва перестала быть крепостью. 8. Колокольня Ивана Великого и соборы были построены между 15 и 17 веками. 9. В соборах Кремля короновали и хоронили (bury) царей и императоров. 10. Великолепные соборы Кремля известны также своими фрес¬ками. |
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