«Утверждаю» Рассмотрен Ректор института на Педагогическом совете
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Mass media. What do we have in mind when we talk about mass media? Mass media include all the people and organizations that provide information and news for the public. Such means of communication are television, radio, magazines and newspapers. The most recently invented mass medium is the Internet, which combines the benefits of the more traditional ones. The mass media surround us all our lives. They influence the way we look at the world and very often are able to change our positions and opinions. The printed media, that is newspapers and magazines remain very popular nowadays. The English word “newspaper” does reflect its content quite accurately. On the one hand, newspapers and magazines do tell us about the latest developments in all areas of life, such as politics, culture, and the like. On the other hand, they may have deep analysis of a situation, advice relating to health-issues, advertising and other types of information apart from purely news articles. There are hundreds of newspaper and magazines specialized, so to say, in a specific area: in sports, gardening, politics or child-raising. Radio and TV are probably among the most important inventions ever made by man. Listening to the radio does not require complete concentration. You can continue whatever you are doing at the time and still be able to follow the broadcast programmes. Although radio is able to educate and to inform, to my mind today radio plays primarily the role of entertainment. Every town has a dozen of musical radio stations catering to different musical tastes, from classical music to pop and rock music. As for television, it is probably the most popular from all mass media. There is hardly a household without a TV-set. Television is always available as a source of education and entertainment, although to my mind the entertainment-related programmes are too many. For instance, lots of people find “soap operas” too boring and banal. A soap opera is a serialized drama, which usually deals with domestic themes. It is characterized by sentimentality. The history behind this genre is very interesting. Soap operas are called so because companies producing soap were typical sponsors of the first television serials. TV talk-shows are very popular nowadays. Talk-shows are programmes in which hosts invite guests who give their opinions on a chosen topic and take part in the following discussion with the audience or with other guests. Different quiz-shows are also generally liked by the viewers. In quizzes, players have to answer a number of questions testing their general of specific knowledge and the best player gets some kind of reward, usually an amount of money. The Internet is an amazing combination of the three traditional mass media, that is the press, the radio and the television. You can read on-line versions of papers and magazines in any language. If you have special software you can even listen to the radio online. As for me, every morning I listen to the BBC radio programmes over the Internet. For learners of English it is a very effective way of getting familiar with different dialects and accents. Moreover, in the nearest future everybody will be able to watch television broadcast in the Internet. Besides, the Internet is a very democratic means of communication. If you think you have something interesting to tell to others, or you want to share your expert knowledge online, you can easily create your own site and change it regularly as needed just like a real newspaper or a magazine. You can send messages any place in just several seconds and talk to other people in online chats or forums. The Internet is believed to have become a world of its own, with specific rules of etiquette, and particular language. There are people who think that with the invention of the Internet all other kinds of mass media will disappear very soon. I absolutely disagree with that and believe that all of them will continue to have their own dedicated users for many years. Travelling. Why do people travel? That’s a question which welcomes dozens ready answers. I have always dreamt to be able to travel as much as I want and to see the world. There are so many interesting places to go. Now I will try to explain why and how I would like to travel. Of course, there are different kinds of travel. On the one hand, you can come to a travel agent’s office and discuss all the details of the future tour. You can see the pictures of the hotel and all places you are going to see. You buy the whole tour package including medical insurance and tickets to and from the chosen place. When you come to the destination, you go sightseeing with a guide and according with a plan. One the other hand, you can get some of your friends interested in a back-pack march to the forest near your native home. There you could simply put up tent, make a fire, bake some potatoes and enjoy the nature. I am not sure what kinds of travelling, the wholly prepared or the improvised is better. Every person decides for himself or herself what to chose. In any case, travelling should challenging and unpredictable. You never know what other skill you will need or learn during your next trip. Even if you make a research of the places to visit during your travel, you will surely meet something you would never see in travel-guides and tourist-leaflets. If you are going to spend in a country at least several days, you will surely learn some words in the local language, no matter how difficult the language is. You meet local people, get in contact with them in the markets, shops, hotels, and day by day start to understand them. Travelling you meet people who are also travelling. You can exchange your travel experiences with them; share your favourite pictures of the sights. Also, when you travel to other countries you can get to know new foods typical for a country of your stay. According to your physical shape or depending on how much money you can afford to spend on a trip you can arrange a hiking trip, a safari, a cultural tour, or an adventure cruise. You can travel by train, by plane, by car, by ship, or on foot. And every way of transportation has its benefits. For example, travelling by train will give you a chance to see many picturesque landscapes and make friends with you wagon-companions. Yet, travelling by planes saves you much time if you intend to spend more time at the place of final destination, though plane tickets are usually much more expensive. If you travel by your own car, you can plan the route yourself, go where you want and see the things you chose to see. Very recently, there have appeared new types of travelling. First of all, very fashionable has become the so called ecologic tourism, or ecotourism. Ecotourists do not go to cities for clubbing or going to parties and enjoying it all. Instead, they go to a place in the country and spend a week or two with farmers. They wake up early in the morning, go riding horses or walk along the green hills, breathing fresh air and watching nature around them. This way, such people manage to find an escape from their hectic routine life. I would not say, I am a fan of ecotourism. At least for the time being, I would prefer something more active and daring. For example, space tourism. You may well remember that not so long ago there was the first space tour. An American man flew into space as the first space tourist in human history. Of course, that doesn’t mean that he is going to be followed by millions of other space tourists. In any way, this is a good beginning and I do hope some day to go into space as a tourist. Russian festivals and traditions. Russia has a lot of festivals and traditions. There are also lots of holidays, national and professional. First, I am going to tell about the most popular festivals, and then I will tell you about national holidays celebrated in our country. Unlike the Western countries, where Christmas is the main winter holiday, in Russia the New Year Eve is considered the most waited for and popular holiday. There are many particular Russian traditions linked to that holiday. First of all, it is the Grandfather Frost or “Ded Moroz” who is accompanied by the Snow Maiden or “Snegurochka”. The Grandfather Frost looks very much like Santa Clause. The Grandfather Frost comes into every Russian family and brings gifts to all children with the help of the Snow Maiden. For New Year, kids decorate New Year’s trees. Very often these trees are decorated with homemade toys. Russian Christmas is celebrated on the eve of the 7th of January, that is two weeks later than in the Western countries. This difference is due to the Russian religious tradition which uses the old Julian calendar. According to the tradition, the whole Russian family gathers to have a special Christmas meal. When the first star appears, people greet each other with this phrase: “Christ is born!” However, many of us are glad to celebrate Christmas two times, on the 25th of December with the rest of the world and on the 7th January! Moreover, due to the difference in the currently used calendar and the traditional calendar of the Orthodox Church, we can celebrate to holidays of New Year! We even have a special name for the second New Year holiday which is very confusing for foreigners —The Old New Year. The main religious festival comes in spring and is called Easter. Christians believe that on that day Jesus Christ was resurrected from the dead, which gave much reason for joy and hope for all people. The Easter is preceded by lent which lasts for forty days, during which time people are not allowed to eat meat, eggs and other kinds of food. To make this time easier there is a festival called ‘maslennitsa’, or butter festival. At this time, we eat pancakes and get ready for lent. On the Easter eve Russians cook special dishes, among which are Easter cakes. Also a very popular tradition is to paint eggs in different colours with specific meaning for each colour. The red colour, for instance, signifies Jesus’ blood on the cross. On Easter, people give each other a hug, kiss each other, say “Christ has arisen!” and exchange red eggs. In many regions of Russia, painting of eggs became a kind of art. These are most important religious festival in Russia. There are also several national holidays celebrated in Russia throughout the whole year. On 23th of February is the Soldier’s Day. It has become a kind of Men’s Day and women give men small gifts. Soon after that holiday comes a holiday for all women, March 8. There is an unofficial holiday very popular among all Russian. It is the Day of Laugh of April 1. People tell jokes each other and sometimes play practical jokes on somebody. On this day, all women receive flowers and presents. May 1, or the Labour Day, used to be a grand holiday in the Soviet times with huge demonstrations in all cities. Victory Day on May 9 is dedicated to commemoration of all who fell in World War II. At 9pm a minute of silence is announced after which in all major Russian cities there are fireworks in the memory of more than 20 million people who died in the war. One of the newest official holidays is Independence Day on June 12. The beginning of the school year on September 1 is traditionally celebrated as the Knowledge Day. Teachers are given flowers by their pupils. November 7 used to be the October Revolution Day but it has been recently abolished. Finally, on December 12 we celebrate the Constitution Day which was adopted in 1993. Since it is also a new holiday, no special traditions have evolved linked to that day. As you see, there are many festivals and holidays in Russia, traditional, religious and official ones. Besides these, we also love to celebrate western holidays such as Halloween or St. Valentine’s Day. Holidays and Traditions in English Speaking Countries. Each country has its own set of national holidays and traditions. When somebody is learning a foreign language it is very important to know the holidays and traditions of the countries where this language is spoken. This will give one a better understanding of the culture of these countries. There are many English speaking countries. They are situated in different continents. This makes cultures of English speaking countries very different from each other because the conditions of life are so much dissimilar that it influenced the beliefs and folklore of these countries. Still, there some holiday and traditions which are common for all English speaking countries. I am going to tell you first about the most popular ones that are characteristic of these countries. Christmas is celebrated on December 25. It is observed as the anniversary of the birth of Jesus. Christmas trees are decorated in every city or town. People get ready for this day weeks ahead buying presents for family members and close friends. One of the most loved holidays is St Valentine’s Day on February 14. This holiday has religious origin and dates back to third century. It was originally commemorating two martyrs both named St Valentine. With time, it was associated with love. Lovers give each other a Valentine card saying how much they love each other. Not long ago, this holiday was gladly welcomed in our country as well. Easter is probably the most important religious festival in all English speaking countries. There is no specific date for this holiday but it usually occurs some time between March 22 and April 25. Easter commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus. On Easter morning children start to look for Easter eggs hidden somewhere by the Easter bunny. The Friday before Easter is called Good Friday and commemorates the Crucifixion. On this day people eat traditional hot cross buns marked with a cross. On October 31, Halloween is celebrated. This is the eve of All Saints’ Day. Halloween is traditionally associated with telling ghost stories and bonfires. In the past, people believed that all witches, ghosts and other evil spirits wanted to take over the world on that day. To scare away the spirits, people started to get dressed in costumes, put on spooky masks, light bonfires and put jack-o-lanterns in front of their homes. Today, in many schools pupils organize jack-o-lantern contests. Jack-o-lantern is a hollow pumpkin with holes cut out to represent a human face. There is an interesting holiday in the USA, which is called the Groundhog Day on February 2. Strangely enough, but people believe that if a groundhog wakes after its winter-long sleep and sees its own shadow then the winter will continue for six more weeks. For Ireland, the most important festival is St Patrick’s day on March 17. St Patrick was born in fourth century and grew in Ireland, which was worshipping many gods. Being a dedicated Christian, St Patrick put all his efforts to make Ireland a Christian country, establishing churches and schools everywhere. There is a legend that St Patrick was able to work miracles. One of the most popular miracle was when Patrick drove all the snakes out of Ireland. Since then, Patrick is considered the Patron of Ireland. Let’s now turn to traditions common for all English speaking countries. For example, getting up from the wrong side of the bed in the morning is generally considered the reason why a person is in a bad mood. By the wrong side people meant the left side of the bed, since the left was always associated with something evil. Another widely known tradition is to blow out the candles on the birthday cake. The number of candles usually indicates the age of the person whose birthday it is and when the candles are blown out people believe that the secret wish of that person will come true and the whole year ahead will be happy. Russian Food & Cuisine. Every country in the world has its own cuisine. We have certain associations when we speak about French, Italian or Mexican cuisine. They all have something characteristic about themselves. What associations do have when we speak about Russian food and Russian cuisine. One can state that Russian food is what Russian people usually eat. However, considering how large a country Russia is and how many cultures there are in Russia, it is difficult to say that Russians in Moscow and in a small village have the same meals. Life in cities is quick-paced, city dwellers are always rushing somewhere. That’s why the fast food is becoming more and more popular in cities. Yet, traditional Russian food is much tastier and healthier that the fast food. To understand our national cuisine, one should remember that Russia is a northern country in the most part and that our winters are rather long and sometimes very cold. That means that the food should be such as to give us enough energy. Among most popular components of Russian dishes are: potato, eggs, butter, bread, and meat. Very popular are milk products like sour cream, and curds; as well as fresh fruit and vegetables. Russian cuisine enjoys quite a number of authentic national dishes for every part of a meal, be it appetizers, soups, main courses, desserts, or beverages. Appetizers are usually served before main courses. We often start our meals with various salads. I would say that medley (vinegret) is probably loved by everybody in Russia. To cook medley, we mix boiled potato, carrot, and beet as well as salted cucumbers chopped in more or less equal cube-like pieces and add oil. For many festive occasions, we cook so called “seledka pod shuboi”, or herring under coat. To make it, one has to boil potato, carrot, and beet; then grate all these ingredients and place them on a plate covering the herring in layers and finally dress it with mayonnaise. This salad is an extremely popular New Year dish. There is probably no family in Russia not including this salad into its New Year or birthday menu. Let’s now turn to the Russian soups, which are an essential part of afternoon meals. The classical Russian soup is borsch, or red-beet soup made of beet, meat, potato, and mostly served with sour cream, although some might prefer mayonnaise. Very characteristic of Russian cuisine is okroshka, or cold soup made of cold kvass with different vegetables, chopped boiled eggs and spices. Among other kinds of soup I would like to mention ukha, or fish-soup, mushroom soup, chicken soup. After soups come main courses as a rule. Main courses are eaten at afternoon and evening meals. Usually they include meat and/or vegetables with garnishes. For the meat part, we can have cutlets or chops, fried fish or sausages. For garnishes, we might have potato or kashas, of which there are many kinds to choose from: buckwheat, rice and other. Very often pelmeny, or ravioli are mentioned among Russia-originated dishes. Strictly speaking, it is not. Yet, these small squares of pasta containing minced meat and spices are very popular in Russia. Although you can find dozens of pelmeny brands in the shops, we prefer legendary home-made pelmeny. Sometimes, instead of meat we use potato or curds and call this pelmeny-like dish vareniks. After all these tasty things, it’s time for Russian desserts. Pancakes are always welcome as a dessert and are usually served with jam, honey or sour cream. Pastries with berries, apples, and other fruit are also part of Russian food tradition. Among traditional Russian beverages, to my mind, mors, kissel and kvass are most typical. Kissel is made of sweetened fruit puree and mors, which is a kind of berry drink, is made of cranberries, black-currants, or other berries. Kvass is an original Russian beverage made of stale bread and is probably most popular among traditional beverages. |
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