Методические рекомендации по практическим занятиям огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык (Английский)
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Тема 2.8 Защита окружающей среды. 1. Practise the following words from the text: protection - защита environmental - экологический vital necessity – жизненная необходимость danger - опасность shortage - недостаток, нехватка pollution - загрязнение source - источник poisonous - ядовитый to dump - выбрасывать waste - отходы to contain - содержать variety - разнообразие to include - включать to exist - существовать species - вид(ы) supply - запас scare - дефицитный, скудный to remain - оставаться for the sake -ради harmful substances – вредные вещества huge -огромный to emit - выбрасывать increase - увеличение to cause - вызывать acid rain – кислотный дождь to affect - влиять emissions - выбросы disastrous consequences – катастрофические последствия exhaust fumes –выхлопные газы alarming - тревожный admissible level –допустимый уровень ozone layer – озоновый слой toprotect - защищать urgent - неотложный, срочный safety - безопасность to endanger - угрожать disaster - катастрофа destruction - разрушение to lead - привести 2. Read and translate these word combinations: to become a vital necessity for all people, to be in danger, the shortage of clean water, industrial pollution, the illegal dumping of waste in rivers, rare species, massive industrial waste, he supply of clean water, the concentration of harmful substances, the most urgent ecological problem today, destruction of tropical forests. 3. Read the text№ 1 «ENVIRONMENTAL - PROBLEMS» Environmental problems have become exceptionally acute in the modern world and environmental protection has become a vital necessity for all people. Our planet is in serious danger. One of the most important environmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean water. Industrial pollution has made sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become poisonous. Thousands of fish die every year as a result of the illegal dumping of waste in rivers by factories all over the world. Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest and most beautiful lakes. It contains a rich variety of fish and plants, including 1,300 rare species that do not exist anywhere in the world. However, they are being killed by the massive industrial waste, which some factories still pour into lake every day. A few years ago people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce, and we are beginning to respect this precious resource. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren. Air pollution is another important problem. In hundreds of cities and towns the concentration of harmful substances in the air is over ten times the admissible level. Every day a huge number of plants and factories emit lots of harmful substances into the atmosphere of big cities. The great increase in the use of motor cars in the last quarter of the 20-th century has caused an increase in a new kind of air pollution. Pollution from factories and cars poisons the air we breath and is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. The acid rain can damage life in lakes and rivers and destroy forests. Greenhouse effect may also have disastrous consequences for our planet. It is already affecting areas of the world with unusual weather causing droughts or heavy storms. The world's temperature is going up and the climate is changing. Cutting down on emissions from large plants and exhaust fumes from vehicles could help solve the problem. I think we should try and use alternative energy such as solar energy and wind energy, and design plants and cars that run on electricity, a much cleaner fuel than petrol. One of the most alarming environmental problems is depletion of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun. Because of the ozone holes the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere, causing skin cancer and other serious diseases. Many scientists think that these ozone holes are the result of air pollution. In my opinion, the most urgent ecological problem today is the environmental safety of nuclear power stations. Nuclear pollution can't be seen but its effects can be terrible. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. Nuclear waste also endangers people's life. People all over the world protest against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. If we do not take any action, the possibility of a global nuclear disaster is very real. Of course, we can't help mentioning such burning issues as destruction of tropical forests and wildlife, overpopulation and shortage of natural resources. The list of serious problems could be continued In short, people have destroyed our environment by building huge cities and power stations, developing industries, cutting down trees and excavating mountains. In pursuit of new inventions and discoveries, as well as higher and higher profits, man has forgotten about nature, and it has led him to the edge of ecological catastrophe. Ignorance about ecology may lead to further destruction of nature and worsen living conditions for all living beings. 4 Answer the following questions: 1. Why is our planet in serious danger? 2. What ecological problems are urgent now? 3. What is the influence of pollution on people's health? 4. What is happening to our forests? 5. What are the consequences of nuclear disasters? 6. Was life better a hundred years ago? Why do you think so? 7. What ecological problems exist in your home place? 8. How can we save our planet? 9. What can you personally do to help our ecology? 5. Read the text № 2 and check your comprehension: «PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT» The Earth is our home. We must take care of it, for ourselves and for the next generations. What should be done to keep our environment clean? There is much that we can do. Factories can clean their smoke. Cars and planes can be done so that they do not pollute the air. The dirty water from the factories and sewage can be made clean again. Our beautiful planet must be covered with forests because trees supply us with oxygen, necessary for our life. So we must take control of cutting down forests and trees. We must plant again where we have cut. It is not necessary to throw away things we do not want or cannot use any more. We can recycle most of them. Old newspapers can become new papers. Making newspapers from «old» paper uses from 30 to 55 per cent less energy than making paper from trees; and it reduces air pollution by 95 per cent. Old glass and plastic jars and bottles can become new glass and plastic. Old iron can help us to make new cars and refrigerators. Making aluminium from recycled aluminium uses 90 per cent less energy than making aluminium from scratch. The energy saved from one recycled aluminium can will operate a television set for three hours. Don't throw your old batteries in the trash. Toxic chemicals in batteries can be released into the environment, especially when they are burned. We must also learn not to litter. Litter is not only ugly, but it can be harmful to wildlife. Small animals can get hurt on sharp cans or broken bottles. Pick up litter you see as you are walking. Save water. Check all the faucets in your house. Remember, that a leaky faucet can waste about twelve thousand litres of water a year. And a leaky toilet can waste eighty thousand litres of water year. That's enough to fill up a swimming pool. Turn out lights and appliances when you are not using them. The electric company burns coal to produce the energy that keeps your lights on. That burning coal gives off gases that cause the greenhouse effect and acid rains. Turn off the lights when you leave the room, and the lights that you don't need. For a long time people didn't think of the future of the Earth. But nowadays both children and grow-ups must take care of it. 1. What can we do to keep our environment clean? 2. What supplies us with oxygen, necessary for life? 3.Why must people plant new trees at the places of cutting down the forests? 4. What can be done with unnecessary things? 5. Why should you save save newspapers for recycling? 6. Why should you not throw your old batteries in the trash? 7. Is it necessary to pick up litter and why? 8. How much water can a leaky faucet waste a year? 9. What causes greenhouse effect and acid rains? 10. What is the result of the fact that people didn't think of the future of the Earth? 6.Listen to the story and choose the best options. 1. The campaigners wanted the restaurant a) to stop selling ice cream. b) to collect the litter. c) to redesign the plastic containers. 2. Hedgehogs got into containers because a) they wanted to find a place to live. b) the were looking for food. c) the wanted to hide in containers. 3. Hedgehogs died because a) it was very hot in the containers/ b) the ice cream was bad for them. c) they got stuck and couldn’t get out. 4. The new redesigned containers have a) a smaller hole. b) a bigger hole. c) the same hole as in the old ones. 5. The restaurant is going to a) warn people not to throw out litter carelessly. b) make people collect their litter themselves. c) treat the hedgehogs who got themselves into danger. 7. Read the interview and put the events in the correct order. 1. Kelly found a job in a factory. 2. Kelly found a job in a laundry of a hotel. 3. Kelly s neighbours moved out. 4. Kelly moved to a flat on a main road. 5. Kelly decided to leave the country. 6. Kelly moved to a block of flats. INTERVIEW Journalist: Today we’re focusing on the problem of noise – noise at home and noise at work. Medical experts agree that there are definite links between noise and stress level… the noisier the environment, the more stress you are likely to experience. And it’s even worse when a person has to live and work in noisy environment. This is Kelly Emerson’s problem… Kelly:… the first place I lived in when I moved here was really terrible. It was on a main road… and I was used to living in the country. There were lots of cars and lorries passing by the front door every day and night. Because of this I decided to move, but things got much worse… Journalist: Kelly moved from her house on the main road to a block of flats. It was next to a park, so it should have been quieter, but it wasn’t. Kelly: …the problem in the next place was the neighbours… the people directly upstairs from me. They played music all night long and got very annoyed when I asked them to stop. The police used to come round two or three times a week, but they only stopped for a few minutes and then set off again even louder. I mean… the problem for me was that there was no break. It was noisy where I lived and noisy where I worked. Journalist:Kelly was working in a laundry of a hotel, the only job that she could find when she left school, and decided at the same time to move away from her home town. She was advised to look for a job in a quieter environment. Kelly: … it was very well telling me to get a quieter job. If you’ve got qualifications, you can do what you like. If you’re not qualified, you’ve got to take what you can get. Anyway, I did what the doctor told me…I left the laundry and went to work in a factory. It was bringing in less money, but it was quieter. Journalist: Kelly was lucky enough to move to a really modern factory where the work involved assembling car stereos. The change she experienced was remarkable. Kelly: I used to feel a pain in my back and my shoulders while I was working in the laundry. I didn’t realize it was stress. After a week at the factory, I really felt much better. I suddenly noticed that the pain had gone. Then I started feeling more energetic and I didn’t feel so tired at the end of the day.I mean… the difference was quite incredible. Journalist: But there was still the problem of the noisy neighbours. Fortunately for Kelly, a change was about to take place. Kelly: My neighbours moved out. It’s much quieter now. The new people in the flat upstairs make less noise than I do. They’re so quiet. I think the must tiptoe everywhere. When I think about the way things were, the contrast is incredible. There’s really no comparison. 8. Read the dialogue and act it : -What do you think is the most important environmental issue nowadays? -Well, in my opinion the most serious ecological problem today is the shortage of clean water. -Why? Don't we have enough water on our planet? -My answer is «yes» and «no» .On the one hand, there is a lot of water on our planet. It is in oceans, rivers, seas and lakes. But on the other hand, very little water on Earth is good for drinking. -Really? Why? -Because rivers and lakes are polluted by factories and farms. -Is there any solution to this problem? -Of course, there is, but it requires cooperation of all people. -So, what exactly can we do to improve the quality of water? -First of all, we can ban pouring industrial waste into rivers and lakes. Besides, we can install different purifying systems. -I am with you there. Fresh water is very important for human beings. But we shouldn't forget about the ocean. -I completely agree with you. Because the ocean gives us food, energy and minerals. -You are right, but today the ocean also needs help because ships dump toxic waste, tankers leak and spill oil and boaters throw trash overboard. -The situation may sound hopeless, but I'm sure we can do something about it. -Yes, of course. For example, we can protect birds and marine life. -But how can we do it? -First, we mustn't throw plastic bags or bottles in or near the water, because sea birds whales and other sea animals often mistakes plastic things for food and die. Besides, we can take part in beach clean up projects. -I can't but agree with you. And I want to add that people should understand that their activities can affect oceans and seas. -Exactly! People should understand that all water usually flows into seas and oceans, so what they do inland can affect marine life. -I agree with you, but first of all we must learn more about the state of the ocean and what can be done to improve it. -You are absolutely right! 9 . Prepare a mini – project( poster, leaflet) on this topic. Тема 2.9 Выдающиеся ученые и их открытия. 1 Practise the following words from the text: scientist - ученый scientific - научный to retain - хранить remarkable - замечательный degree - степень danger - опасность plague - чума discovery - открытие differential calculuses - дифференциальные исчисления gravitation - гравитация to influence - влиять rainbow - радуга to govern - управлять by degrees — постепенно motion - движение 2. Read and translate these word combinations: the greatest scientist, took his degree, made great discoveries, the law of gravitation, course of thought, course of science, problem of light, the forces of gravitation, scientific discovery, motion of the earth. 3. Read and translate the text: «Newton» (1642-1727) Newton one of the greatest scientists of all time, was born on the 25th of December, 1642, at the little village of Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire. His father was a farmer and had died before Newton was born. His mother was a clever woman for whom Newton retained a great love all his life. Newton's school-days were not remarkable. He studied mathematics at Cambridge and took his degree there in 1665. Then the University was closed because of the danger of plague and Newton went home for a period of eighteen months, which was the most important period, for during that time Newton, between the ages of 22 and 24, made his three great discoveries-the discovery of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation. These three great discoveries, which have changed the course of thought, have also influenced the course of science from that day until our days. Newton had always been interested in the problem of light. Most people have seen the colours of the rainbow reflected in a drop of dew but it was Newton who, by his experiments, showed that white light is made up of these different colours. It is interesting how the idea which led to the discovery of the laws governing the forces of gravitation first came to him. Once, as he sat in his garden the fall of the apple made him think: why must that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground? Why must it not go sidewards or upwards, but usually, to the earth's centre? Certainly, the reason is that the earth draws it. An apple falling was not an unusual event, but only Newton drew from his sight the inspiration and particular demonstration which led to a great scientific discovery. By degrees he began to apply this property of gravitation to the motion of the earth and the heavenly bodies round the sun. Newton died when he was 84, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, where his monument is today. 4. Answer the following questions: 1.When and where was Newton born? 2. Newton's school-days were not remarkable, were they? 3. Where did he study mathematics? 4. What period was the most important in his life? Why? 5. Have these three great discoveries influenced the course of science from that day until our days? 6. What problem had Newton always been interested in? 7. Where was Newton buried? 5. Agree or disagree with these statements and correct when it is necessary: 1. Newton’s father was a worker and had died before Newton was born. 2. He took his degree at Cambridge in 1675. 3. Between the ages of 22 and 24 Newton made his three great discoveries: the discovery of the differential calculuses, of the nature of electricity and of the law of gravitation. 4. Newton had always been interested in the problem of light. 5. Newton by his experiments showed that white light is made up of 5 different colors. 6. Newton discovered the law of gravitation sitting in his apple garden. 6 Make up a dialogue about Newton’s life and discoveries. 7. Practise the following words from the text: wire – провод current – ток coil of the wire – катушка из проволоки blacksmith – кузнец miners' safety - lamp- шахтерская безопасная лампочка chemist – химик by twisting wire round a bar of iron- путем наматывания провода вокруг металлического стержня through - через to generate - вырабатывать dynamo - динамо to provide - обеспечивать steam train - паровоз oil - lamps –керосиновые лампы 8. Read and translate the text: «Michael Faraday» (1791-1867) One day in 1821 a young scientist was experimenting in his laboratory with some wire and a magnet. Placing the magnet in a small coil of the wire, he passed an electric current through the coil. Suddenly the coil began to turn round. That was the first electric motor, the model of all the powerful motors that drive the machinery in our factories today. The young scientist was Michael Faraday, the son of a blacksmith, born in 1791. For several years he was laboratory assistant to Sir Humphry Davy, the great English chemist, inventor of the miners' safety-lamp. Faraday's earliest discoveries and experiments were in the field of chemistry, but electricity was always his main interest. About 1821 he began experimenting in electricity. At that time many scientists were trying to discover how magnetism and electricity were related. It was known that a magnet could be made by twisting wire round a bar of iron and passing an electric current through the wire. Ampere, the famous French scientist, showed by his experiments that an electric current could produce the same effects as a magnet. Faraday wanted to answer the following question: if an electric current can produce magnetism, cannot a magnet produce an electric current? After many years of hard work he was able to show that when a magnet is placed near a coil of wire it makes an electric current flow for a moment through the wire. He also discovered that when an electric current is passed through one of two parallel wires it makes another electric current flow for a moment in the other wire. On the ground of those discoveries, he built a machine which generated a continuous electric current and called it a 'dynamo'. That was the model of the great dynamos that provide light and heat for our cities today and produce electric current to drive our electric trains 'and machinery of every kind. Yet, while Faraday was making his discoveries the first steam trains were running in England and most people were using oil-lamps to light their homes. Year after year Faraday experimented in electricity discovering many of the laws of electricity and magnetism. He died on the 25th of August, 1867. 9. Answer the following questions: 1. What was the young scientist's name experimenting in his laboratory with some wire and a magnet? 2. What did he do with them? 3. Electricity was always Faraday's main interest, wasn't it? 4. Did Ampere or Humphry Davy show by the experiment that an electric current could produce the same effect as a magnet? 5. What question did Faraday want to answer? 6. What did he also discover? 7. Did Faraday experiment in electricity or chemistry discovering many of the laws? 10. Find and write down the international words from this text. 11. Retell the text. 12. Practise the following words from the text: throughout - повсюду to take out- братьпатент patent - патент contribution [,kontri'bju:∫(ə)n] вкладвнауку improvement [im'pru:vməntJ улучшение, усовершенствование to appreciate [a'pri:∫ieit] ценить efficient [i'fi∫(ə)nt] действенный, эффективный, продуктивный durable['djuərəbl]длительный, прочный large-scale[skeil] широкомасштабный distribution [,distri'bju:∫(ə)n] распространение to carry out [‘kæri] выполнять wide-spread [waid'spred] широкораспространенный self-taught [to:t] самоучка todisplay[dis'plei] показывать, проявлять, обнаруживать intense[in'tens] напяженный, сильный, интенсивный curiosity[,kjuəri'ositi] любопытство capacity[kə'pæsiti] способность cellar ['selə] погреб, подвал toovercome[ouvəkΛm] преодолеть lackнедостаток, отсутствие todispose[dis'pəuz] располагать, распоряжаться workshop['wə:kſop] мастерская, цех genius - гениальность, одаренность profound[prə'faund] глубокий to head - возглавлять to enrich [in'rit∫] обогащать humanity [hju:'mæniti] человечество 13. Read and translate the text: «Thomas Alva Edison» (1847-1931) The name of Thomas Alva Edison is widely known throughout the world. In his fifty years and more of invention he took over a thousand patents but perhaps the most famous ofall his contributions was the improvement of the electric lamp. Thus, highly appreciating Lodygin's invention, Edison went further and worked out a more efficient incandescent filament lamp that was durable, cheap and suitable for the large-scale production. It is also owing to Edison that an efficient system of electric light distribution was carried out, due to which the wide-spread use of this lamp became possible. Edison was a self-taught man, his schooling being limited to three months in a public school. In spite of this, from early childhood he displayed an intense curiosity as well as a great capacity for work and study. He began to experiment at the age of ten or eleven. Instead of a laboratory he used the cellar of his parents' house. Later on, Edison had to overcome many more difficulties because of the lack of money and assistance. Many years had passed before he could dispose of laboratories and workshops of his own. Thanks to his native genius, his capacity for work (for months he slept no more than one or two hours a day) and the profound study he made of every problem he worked at, he headed technical research in his country and enriched humanity with his numerous inventions. 14. Read and translate these word combinations from English into Russian: to appreciate, durable, distribution, to display, capacity, to overcome, genius, to enrich, in spite of, instead of, because of, for the sake of, thanks to, owing to, by means of, in connection with, in addition to. 15 .Answer the following questions: 1. Who was Thomas Alva Edison? 2. What may be considered as the most famous of Edison's conclusions? 3. Who invented the incandescent filament lamp? 4. Who improved the incandescent filament lamp? 5. At what age did he begin to experiment? 6. What did he use as a laboratory? 7. Did he have to overcome many difficulties because of the lack of money and assistance? 8. How many patents did he take out for his inventions? 16 .Translate paying attention to the compound prepositions: In spite of his lack of schooling Edison was one of the greatest inventors of his time. Owing to his remarkable capacity for work he perfected his knowledge in various fields of engineering. Edison lost his hearing because of a railroad accident. He communicated with other people by means of a special device of his own invention. The widespread use of the incandescent filament lamp could become possible only in connection with and thanks to the development of an effective system of electric light distribution. Studying a problem, Edison made numerous experiments and in addition to that read much on the subject. When a child, Edison had to use bottles instead of special glassware for his experiments in chemistry. 17. Fill in the gaps with set expressions: to take interest (in); to make use (of); to play a part (in); to take part (in); to find application (in). Translate:
18. Practise the following words from the text: inventor – изобретатель invention - изобретение to remain – оставаться fortune – судьба, фортуна although - хотя mankind – человечество to improve - улучшать mining - угледобыча weapon [wepən]- оружие to injure – ранить, калечить to avoid - избегать to deserve [di‘zə:v] - заслуживать fame - слава explosives [iks’plouzivs] - взрывчатка skilful - умелый to search for - искать generous - щедрый outstanding – выдающийся however - однако 19. Read and translate these word combinations: To make a fortune, to remain an idealist, a lover of mankind, a weapon, of war, to invent dynamite, to avoid publicity, to make a strong position, to search for a meaning to life, to care deeply. 20. Read and translate the text: «Alfred Nobel» (1833-1896) Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was a scientist with a love of literature, and industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. During his useful life he often felt he was useless. “Alfred Nobel, he once wrote of himself, “ought to have been put to death by a kind doctor as soon as, with a cry, he entered life. “World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. “I do not see”, he once said, “that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it”. But since his death, his name has brought fame and glory to others. He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. Most of the family returned to Sweden in 1859, where Alfred rejoined them in 1863, beginning his own study of explosives in his father’s laboratory. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Alfred Nobel was imaginative and inventive. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and built up over 80 companies. in 20 different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of in original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist. But Nobel’s main concern was never with making money or even with making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth he had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps because he could not find ordinary human love he never married - he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor, “I’ d rather take care of the stomachs of the living than the glory of the dead in the form of stone memorials”, he once said. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars, and thus peace between nations, and he spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. 21. Answer the following questions: 1 When and where was Alfred Nobel born? 2 What was his father? 3 Alfred Nobel made a fortune but lived a simple life, didn’t he? 4 What did he invent a new explosive, dynamite for? 5 Was he quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions? 6 Where did his greatness lie? 7 Was Nobel’s main concern with making money or seaching for a meaning to life? 8 What was his greatest wish? 9 What are Nobel prizes given for? 22. Read this statement and comment on it: “Scientific discovery and scientific knowledge have been achieved only by those who have gone in pursuit of it without any practical purpose”. Max Planck. 23. Be ready to discuss Alfred Nobel’ biography in pairs. 24. Read the text below to learn about «INVENTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS» New inventions appear every day to make our lives easier, longer, warmer, faster, and so on. But only a few inventors design a new machine or product that becomes so well known that the invention, named after its creator becomes a househould world. Here are ten famous inventors and the inventions that are named after them: 1. Ladislao Biro, Hungarian artist who immigrated to Argentina. In about 1943 he invented the ball-point pen or biro. 2. John Bowler, a London hatter who designed the hard round hat known as the bowler in about 1850.It has become the symbol of British male respectability. And you can still see businessmen wearing bowlers in the City, the center of London's commerce. 3. Louis Braille (1809-1852), born in Couvray, France. He became blind as a child. In 1824 he developed his own alphabet patterns known as Braille by which the blind could read by touch, based on a French army officer's invention for reading messagers in the dark. 4. Samuel Colt(1814-1862), an American gunsmith. He designed a pistol, patented in 1836 , with a revolving barrel that could fire six bullets, one after another. The Colt was the first of its kind. Many «six-shooters» came later. 5. Rudolf Diesel(1882-1945), a German engineer who invented the diesel engine in 1897 and so began a trasnport revolution in cars, lorries and trains. 6. Hans Wilhelm Geiger(1882-1945), a German nuclear physicist. From 1906-1909 he designed a counter for detecting radioactivity. This was the beginning of modern geiger counters. 7. Charles Macintosh(1766-1843), a Manchester textile chemist who,in 1823, developed a rubber solution for coating fabrics which led to the production of waterproof raincoats or mackintoshes. 8. Samuel Finley Breeze Morse (1791-1872), an American portrait painter who invented the telegraphic dot-dash alphabet known as Morse code 9. Louis Pasteur(1822-1895),a Frenchman who was both a chemist and a biologist. Pasteurization is a method of sterilizing milk by heating it. 10. Charles Rolls, a car salesman who with the engineer Henry Royce created the world-famous Rolls-Royce car. 25. Give a short summary of the text. 26. Practise the following words from the text: public figure- общественный деятель to develop - разрабатывать hydrogen bomb - водородная бомба to come to a conclusion -прийти к заключению, сделать вывод atomic and nuclear weapon – атомное и ядерное оружие to ban - запрещать human rights – права человека to defend - защищать to award - награждать,to deprive - лишать чего- либо jail - тюрьма to exile - ссылать to allow - позволять, разрешать representative - представитель ti inspire - вдохновлять to foresee - предвидеть humankind - человечество 27. Read the text and check your comprehension: «ANDREI SAKHAROV» Andrei Dmitrievich Sakhаrov, an outstanding scientist and public figure, was born on the 21-st of May, 1921, into the family of teachers. He graduated from Moscow University in 1942.In 1947 he defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Science. In 1953 he defended his Doctorate thesis and was elected member of the Academy of Sciences. Sakhаrov played a decisive role in developing the Soviet hydrogen bomb. While working on the bomb he came to the conclusion that any atomic and nuclear weapons should be banned. In 1966 he took part in his first human rights demonstration. He fought courageously for human rights in the former USSR and in 1975 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. His international repute as a scientist kept him out of jail, but in 1980 he was deprived of all his titles and orders and exiled to the city of Gorky. In Gorky he continued to work for peace, justice and human rights. It was Mikhail Gorbachev who helped A.Sakharov to return to Moscow. He was given back all his titles and three years later he was elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet. Sakharov died in 1989.He is remembered by everybody as an outstanding scientist and humanist, one of the best representatives of humankind who could teach and inspire and who foresaw the changes that are taking place now. 28. Answer the following questions: 1.When was Andrei Sakharov born? 2. What were his parents? 3. What university did he graduate from? When? 4. What is Sakharov famous for as a scientist? 5. When did he defend his Doctorate thesis? 6. What conclusions did he come to while working on the bomb? 7. When did he take part in his first human rights demonstration? 8. What kind of prize did he receive? 9. Why was he exiled to Gorky? 10. Who helped him to come back to Moscow?11. Why is Sakharov known all over the world? 29. What do you know about the Nobel Prize? Can you think of any winners? What work did these people win the prize for? 30. Read the information about Russian Nobel prizewinners. Are thesestatements true(T) or false (F)? 1. The Nobel Prize is awarded annually. 2. Ilya Mechnikov is the only Russian who has won the Nobel Prize for medicine. 3. Pavlov's work promoted the development of psychology. 4. Pyotr Kapitza was the only physicist to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978. 5. The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded annually since 1901. 6. Two Russians have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 31. Read and translate the text to get more information about: «RUSSIAN NOBEL PRIZEWINNERS» Every year, six Nobel prizes are awarded for outstanding work in science, literature, economics and the promotion of peace. This international prize was founded by the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and built up companies and laboratories in countries all over the world. Many Russians have been nominated for the Nobel Prize since it started in 1901 and 19 of them have received the Nobel Prize for their outstanding contribution, particularly in the field of physics, but also in other areas. The first Russian Nobel winner for medicine (1904) was Ivan Pavlov. He made many remarkable discoveries about blood circulation and the central nervous system and he discovered the conditioned reflex through his research on the digestive system. His experiments on dogs had a great impact on behavioural psychology. Mikhail Sholokhov, the outstanding 20-th century Russian writer, wrote and published a number of short stories while completing his most famous work AND QUIET FLOWS the DON, which took him fourteen years to finish. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1965. In 1978 , Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza shared the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on magnetism and low-temperature physics. He founded the Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow, and he was the oldest scientist ever to win the award. The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded over the years to individuals and organizations that work actively for peace and greater understanding. It has been awarded to Russian physicist and civil rights campaigner Andrei Sakharov( 1975) and to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev (1990). 32. Complete the sentences with one of the words below. Use each word once only. Shared, awarded, followed, became, won 1.Russian writer Ivan Bunin wrote The Gentleman from San Francisco, which ---him a Nobel Prize in 1933. 2. In 1964, Russian physicists Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov ---the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles Townes of the USA. 3. Many of the Alexander Solzhenitsyn's works are autobiographical; he was ---the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970. 4. Nikolay Semyonov made a great conribution to the study of chemical chain reactions, and in 1956 he ---the first Russian to gain the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. 5. Russian poet and novelist, Boris Pasternak, is also known for his translations of Shakespeare's tragedies; in 1957 he wrote the novel Dr Zhivago, which was ---by a Nobel Prize. |
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