Учебно-методическое пособие Краснодар Кубгау 2016 удк 811. 111: 635. 9(078) ббк 81. 2Англ

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Название	Учебно-методическое пособие Краснодар Кубгау 2016 удк 811. 111: 635. 9(078) ббк 81. 2Англ
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Тип	Учебно-методическое пособие

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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:

Truffles belong to the same family as mushrooms, and are grown ____.
People all over the country have ____ swimming pools in their yards.
Acid rain has also been linked to respiratory ____ in children.
The ____ of magnesium chloride hidden at the back of a shelf.
The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric ____ that is obtained through evaporation.
What is the ____ idea of the story?
When an organism ____ naturally in a given ecosystem, it is considered a native species.
The earthquake has caused a lot of ____.
During hot damp summers when it is warm outside and cooler ____, wood tends to expand.
We live in a ____ age where we can easily become victims to online predators.

(inside, diseases, solution, exists, underground, moisture, aboveground, main, certain, damage)

Translate the words in brackets and fill in the blanks. Translate the texts:

How Trees Breathe
Acting as an enormous "carbon sink", trees soak up ____ (углекислый газ) from the air, producing life-giving ____ (кислород) in return. In fact, a medium-sized tree generates the same ____ (количество) of oxygen as each one of us needs to breathe.

In a tree, 'breathing' ____ (происходить) in the ____ (лист). Chlorophyll (the substance causing the green colour) absorbs the CO2 and uses it along with water to dissolve minerals taken up through the ____ (корни). After the chemical reaction is completed, the leaf releases oxygen and water vapor through its ____ (поры).

How Trees Drink
There are two ways that a tree can take in water: ____ (через) the leaves and through the roots.

Trees absorb small amounts of ____ (влага) from the air through their leaves and their ____ (кора). Most of their water, however, comes via the roots.

Water enters the roots through thin membranes at their ____ (кончики). The tree’s ____ ____ (васкулярная система) draws the water up through the ____ (ствол) and distributes it to the leaves. The leaves use the water to ____ (растворять) minerals. Excess water goes back to the air through pores in the leaf - a process called ____ (транспирация).

Read Text A and answer the question:

– What tree has a very thin bark?

Text A

Structure of a Tree
The tree is composed of an underground part, the roots, and two aboveground parts, the trunk (bole) and the crown.

Leaves

The leaves convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and provide the tree with energy to grow and fight diseases. Leaves perform two vital functions for trees. They produce sugars by photosynthesis and they allow for the distribution of water through transpiration.

Photosynthesis is a process by which CO2 and water are combined with sunlight and a pigment called chlorophyll. The chemical reactions result in the production of sugars which provide energy to the tree. The leaves use some of this energy, but the majority is transported, in the form of sugar solutions, to other parts of the tree that require it.

Transpiration, or water loss, also takes place in the leaves. As this occurs, water is drawn up from the roots through the vascular system to replace lost moisture.

Roots

Roots are organs that provide structural stability for trees. Roots also absorb water and

minerals.

Root Structure

Roots are made up of a number of specialized components. The root hairs, tiny structures extending from the main root stems, have very thin walls which absorb water and minerals. This mineral solution is passed into the vascular core of the root from where it is transported throughout the tree. At the tip of the root, there exists a protective structure called the root cap. These loose cells are shed as the root grows into the soil.

Different trees have slightly different root systems. Some trees, such as the pine, have a strong central root called the taproot. This is usually larger than any other roots and often extends deep into the ground. Because substantial damage to this root can be fatal to the tree, trees with taproots are generally difficult to transplant.

Other trees, such as the elm or maple, do not have a dominant taproot. Their root systems are characterized by a large number of roots often closer to the surface.

The Bark

The bark is the outer protective covering of tree trunks. The form and structure of the bark can differ greatly from tree to tree. As a result, it is a useful characteristic for tree identification.

The bark is made up of two layers - outer bark and inner bark.

The outer bark is made up of dead cells. This layer is usually quite thick, but in certain trees (young birch, for example) it is very thin.

The inner bark, known as the phloem is made up of a thin layer of living cells. These cells have extremely thin walls allowing water and nutrients (in the form of sugar solutions) to pass easily throughout the tree. Somewhat akin to human skin, old bark is shed, and new bark is formed from the inside.

Choose the correct answer:

The tree is composed of ____.

roots and a trunk
a trunk and a crown
roots, a trunk and a crown

The functions of the leaves are ____.

to allow for the distribution of water through transpiration
to provide the tree with energy
all of the above

Water is drawn up from the roots through the vascular system ____.

to replace lost moisture
to replace lost nutrients
to replace lost energy

The function of roots is ____.

to provide structural stability
to absorb water and minerals
all of the above

. At the tip of the root, there exists a protective structure called ____.

taproot
root cap
root hairs

Bark is the outer protective covering of ____.

tree trunks
tree crown
leaves

Find in the text the equivalents to the following word combinations:

жизненно важные функции; посредством транспирации; пигмент, называемый хлорофиллом; производство сахаров; восполнить утерянную влагу; крошечные структуры; раствор минералов; защитная структура; главный корень; защитное покрытие; тонкий слой живых клеток; изнутри

Find in the text and read the sentence in which it is said that…

– The tree consists of three main parts.

– A process by which CO2 and water are combined with sunlight and chlorophyll is called

photosynthesis.

– Water loss occurs in the leaves.

– One of the functions of roots is to absorb water and minerals.

– The root hairs have very thin walls.

– Root structures of different trees can differ.

– Root systems of some trees have a large number of roots often closer to the surface.

– The outer protective covering of tree trunks is called the bark.

– The cells of the phloem have extremely thin walls.

– Bark is somewhat akin to human skin.

Say if it is true or false. Correct the wrong statements:

The tree is composed of two underground parts and two aboveground parts.
One of the functions of leaves is to convert oxygen into carbon dioxide.
Leaves produce sugars by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is a process by which CO2 and H2O are combined with sunlight and

chlorophyll.

Transpiration occurs in roots.
The root hairs have very thick walls which absorb water and minerals.
At the tip of the root, there is a protective structure called the taproot.
The taproot is usually larger than any other roots and often extends deep into the ground.
All trees have the same root systems.
The inner bark is made up of dead cells.
The phloem is composed of a thin layer of living cells.

Answer the questions:

What is the tree composed of?
What are the main functions of leaves?
What is photosynthesis?
What process is called transpiration?
What is the main function of roots?
What is the structure of roots?
What is the bark?
What is the structure of the bark?

Ask your partner some more questions on the text.

Match the term and its definition:

structure of a tree
top
foliage
branch
trunk
lateral roots
taproot
bole
crown
twig
radical
root hair zone

the leaves of a tree
part of the tree from the first branch to the top
roots that grow outward from the tree, underground, holding the tree in place and nourishing it
large ligneous plant whose stem is bare loose to the ground and carries branches at its top
the highest part of the tree
divisions of the branches
strong offshoot of the trunk of a tree
small thread like parts of the root
part of the tree between the ground and the first branches
body of the tree
main root that grows vertically into the ground
small roots

Find in the text the sentences with Attributive Clauses. Translate them into Russian.

Summarize the text using the following phrases:

The text reports on…

The text touches upon…

It is reported that…

Much attention is given to…

The text points out that…

The text deals with the problem of…

The text provides information on…

The text defines the phenomenon of…

The text covers such points as…

Read Text B and choose the headline from the ones given below:

– Important Facts about Trees

– Ring-porous and Diffuse-porous Trees

– Wild-type Trees

Words and expressions:
wild – дикий spread – распределять

dissimilar – непохожий evenly – равномерно

distinction – различие affect – влиять, поражать

treat – обрабатывать, лечить susceptibility – восприимчивость

ring – кольцо wilt – увядание

porous – пористый vessel – сосуд

sapwood – заболонь (наружные молодые, refer (to) – относиться (к)

физиологически активные

слои древесины)
Text B
Some trees are wild, others are cloned.

It's easy to think that all trees of a species are alike. This is only true, however, of certain species. Most trees are wild-type trees, meaning that their genetic structures are as dissimilar as individual humans. An example of a wild-type is an elm.

Other trees have been cloned to produce many trees with identical genes. This is usually done to guarantee the presence of certain favourable characteristics of the tree. Examples include apple and pear trees.

This distinction is important when treating diseases. In a wild-type tree, each tree will react differently.

Trees can be divided into ring-porous or diffuse-porous types. This refers to the structure of the vascular system.

The vascular system of diffuse-porous trees (such as a birch) is characterized by vessels spread evenly throughout the sapwood. These vessels are produced regularly during the growing season.

The vessels of a ring-porous tree (such as an elm) are generally larger and concentrated in the outermost layer of sapwood. These vessels are produced early in the season.

This is significant because it affects a tree's susceptibility to vascular wilt diseases.

Choose the correct answer:

What type are most trees?

A cloned B low C young D wild

What do cloned trees have in common?

A identical leaves B identical genes C identical flowers D identical crowns

How can trees be divided according to the structure of the vascular system?

A ring-porous or diffuse-porous B deciduous or coniferous C annuals or perennials D creepers and climbers

.When are the vessels of a ring-porous tree produced?

A late in the season B in two seasons C in the middle of the season D early in the season

Match the parts of the sentences:

1. Some trees are wild, …

2. It's easy to think that all trees of a species …

3. Most trees are …

4. Other trees have been cloned …

5. This distinction is important when …

6. Trees can be divided into …

7. The vascular system of diffuse-porous trees is characterized by …

8. The vessels of a ring-porous tree are generally larger and concentrated …

9. This is significant because it affects …

a) … wild-type trees.

b) … treating diseases.

c) … vessels spread evenly throughout the sapwood.

d) … others are cloned.

e) … a tree's susceptibility to vascular wilt diseases.

f) … in the outermost layer of sapwood.

g) … to produce many trees with identical genes.

h) … are alike.

i) … ring-porous or diffuse-porous types.

Retell the text in Russian.

Read and translate Text C in writing using a dictionary:

Text C

Trees
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting leaves or branches. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants, only plants that are usable as timber or only plants above a specified height. At its broadest, trees include the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboo.

A tree typically has many secondary branches supported by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy by photosynthesis, providing the food needed by the tree for its growth and development.

Flowers and fruit may also be present, but some trees such as conifers instead have pollen cones and seed cones, and others such as tree ferns produce spores.

Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. The tallest known specimen on Earth is 115.6 m and they have a theoretical maximum height of 130 m. Trees have been in existence on the Earth for 370 million years. Trees are not a taxonomic group but are a number of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants and make full use of the sunlight.

Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are one of the most bio-diverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses.
Socializing
Profession
I. Listen, read and memorize:

Where do you work? Где вы работаете?

I work at the institute. Я работаю

в институте

Where do you study? Где вы учитесь?

I study at the university. Я учусь

в университете.

What do you do (for a living)? Кто вы?

(What is your position?)

What does he/she do? Кто он/она?

(What is his/her position?)

What is your/his/her profession? Кто вы

(по профессии)?

manager менеджер

programmer программист

salesperson продавец

nurse медсестра

doctor врач

engineer инженер

driver шофер

interpreter, translator переводчик

guide гид

lawyer юрист

teacher учитель

secretary секретарь

reporter, journalist журналист

economist экономист

accountant бухгалтер

businessman, businesswoman бизнесмен

policeman полицейский

worker рабочий

postman почтальон

What is that? Что это?

college колледж

hospital больница

company, firm фирма

school школа

bank банк

factory завод

post-office почта

police полиция

store, shop магазин

Are you a student? Вы студент?

Yes, I am a student. Да, я

студент.

No, I am not a student. Нет, я не

студент.

I am a doctor. Я врач.

Обратите внимание!

В предложениях, в которых говорится о профессии или о роде занятий человека, употребляется неопределенный артикль.

Например:

He is a businessman.

I am a student.
II. Listen, memorize and act out:

1
– Hello!

– Good afternoon!

– Let’s get acquainted, my name is Bill.

– Nice to meet you. I’m Olga.

– Nice to meet you too. Olga, what do you

do for a living?

– I’m a journalist. And you?

– I’m a manager.
2
– Hi! My name is Ivan. I am a student.

– Ivan, where do you study?

– I study at the academy. And you?

– I am also a student. I study

at the university.

3
– Jim, do you work or study?

– I work.

– And where do you work?

– I am a driver. I work in a store.

– And your friend Lena? Does she work or study?

– She also works.

4
– Steve, are you a programmer?

– No, I am not a programmer, I am a layer.

– Where do you work?

– I work in a bank.

Practice

Finish the sentences:

My friend Jack studies ____.
My friend Liz works ____.
Does Sasha work or ____?
John works ____.
I am ____.
I study ____.
They don’t ____.
My parents are ____.

Fill in the blanks:

Henry ____, he works ____. Olya ____, she works ____. I ____, I study ____. My friends are also ____, they ____ at the university. Joe ____ in a bank, he ____. These are his ____, they also ____ in a bank. She is not ____, she is ____. He is not ____, he is ____.

Give positive and negative answers:

Example:

Are you a teacher? – Yes, I am.

No, I am not. I am an economist.

Is Jim an interpreter?

Is Helen a secretary?

Is Robert a driver?

Are you a businessman?

Do they work?

Do you work or study?

Is this a university? – Yes, it is.

No, it is not. It’s a school.
Is this a firm?

Is this a bank?

Is this a store?

Is this a factory?

Is this a post-office?

Answer the questions:

Where does she work?
Where do they study?
What is your profession?
Are these your colleagues?
What does she do?
What does he do for a living?
Is he an accountant?
Do you work?
Where do you study?
Where do your friends work?
Does he work at a factory?

Fill in the questions:

____? – Yes, they are students.
____? – We work.
____? – Yes, he studies at the university.
____? – They work in a hospital.
____? – No, he is not a student. He is a programmer.
____? – Yes, he is an engineer.
____? – She works in a firm.
____? – My friends are designers.
____? – She is a nurse.
____? – I study at the university.

Make up dialogues.

Unit IV

Garden
Grammar for Revision: The Participle

Text A : Garden

Text B: Ornamental Gardens

Text C : Types of Gardens

Socializing: Nationality
“The best place to seek God is in a garden”.

George Bernard Shaw
“There is always music amongst the trees in the Garden,

but our hearts must be very quiet to hear it”.

Minnie Aumonier
Warm up
What do you know about garden and gardening?

Take this Garden Quiz. Match the questions to the answers:

1. What herb is regularly mentioned along with Rosemary?

2. Soil can be Acidic, Alkaline or......?

3. Is a blue tulip fact or fiction?

4. What colour rose is associated with Lancashire?

5. What is the name for sculpting hedges?

6. What special attribute makes Lavender ideal for dry conditions?

7. I am a woody stemmed plant, usually branched near the base and lacking a single trunk....what am I?

8. What type of plants can be found in a rock garden?

9. What herb beginning with ‘A’ has soothing properties?

10. A dibble is useful for what?

11. Cacti are often referred to as what?

12. A beer trap can help control what type of pest?

13. What general term is given to the trees and shrubs whose leaves fall in autumn?

a) succulents

b) slugs and snails

c) deciduous

d) alpines

e) small leaves

f) red

g) thyme

h) topiary

i) aloe Vera

j) a shrub

k) neutral

l) planting seeds

m) fiction

Grammar Revision

The Participle

Forms and Functions

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Participle (Participle I)	asking	being asked
Past Participle (Participle II)	asked	–
Perfect Participle	having asked	having been asked

Indefinite

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