Учебно-методическое пособие Краснодар Кубгау 2016 удк 811. 111: 635. 9(078) ббк 81. 2Англ
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Parterre A Parterre (From the French “par” = on + “terre” = ground). A level space, usually rectangular and on a terrace near a house, laid out in decorative pattern using plants and gravels. Parterre de Broderie A Parterre de Broderie is a parterre with a pattern resembling embroidery. Patio Patio is a Spanish word for an arcaded or colonaded courtyard. It is now applied to any small paved area in a garden. Patte d'oie A Patte d'oie, from the French “foot of the goose”: a point where straight walks radiate from a point (see Rondpoint and Etoile). Pavilion The word Pavilion derives from the Latin “papilio” = butterfly. Originally the word meant a tent, in gardens it is used for an airy and light building. Pavimentum Pavimentum, from the Latin “pavire” = to ram down, is used to describe a pavement made from from pieces of stone or ceramic which have been rammed down to make walking surface. Pedestal A Pedestal is a block used as a stand for a vase, an urn or a statue. Penjing Penjing is the Chinese word for a tray garden (the word came into Japanese as “bonsai”). Peristyle A Peristyle is a group of columns round a courtyard, or temple, and often used to support a roof (the Greek word derives from “peri” = round + “stilus” = column). Perspective Perspective drawing is the art of delineating a solid object on a flat surface. Once the art had been perfected, during the renaissance, it was used to create perspective effects in gardens. Physic Garden A Physic Garden is a special garden used for growing medicinal plants. Piazza, Plaza, Place, Platz Piazza, Plaza, Place, Platz, deriving from Italian, describe a public open space surrounded by buildings. Picturesque In general use, the word Picturesque means “suitable for making into a picture”. In the eighteenth century the term was given a specific use as an intermediate quality between Beautiful and Sublime. It meant “rough and shaggy”. Pier Pier, deriving from the Latin “petra” = rock, means a column made with blocks of stone. Pinery A Pinery is conservatory for growing pineapples. Pinetum A Pinetum is a collection of coniferous trees. Piscina A Piscina is a stone basin used as a fish-pond or a bathing-pond (Latin “picis” = fish). Planter A Planter is an ornamental container for growing plants. Plat A Plat is a flat area (plot) of ground, usually a rectangle of grass. Pleach (or Plash) Pleaching (or Plashing) is the practice of bending and inter-twining plants. Pleached trees grow together to form a hedge on stilts. Pleasance (or Pleasuance) A Pleasance (or Pleasuance) is a pleasure ground attached to a castle or mansion, usually outside the fortifications. Plinth A Plinth is the square base of a column or of a building. Poduim A Poduim is a continuous projecting pedestal or speakers’ platform. The word derives from the Greek podion, meaning a little foot. Pollard A Pollard is a tree that has been cut 2–3 metres above the ground. Pomarium Pomarium is a medieval term for an apple orchard. Portico A Portico is a colonnaded entrance space (doorway). Potager Potager is the French word for a vegetable garden. Praeneste Praeneste was a Roman town (now called Palestrina) 38 km from Rome. It had a series of great terraces linked by ramps and inspired later designers to make terraces (often arcaded). Privy garden Privy means “private” and thus a private garden usually made for the sole use of a king or queen. Promenade A Promenade is a public walk. Prospect A Prospect is a view. Architects and garden designers debated the importance of “prospect and aspect” in placing a building (e. g. is it better to have a sunny place to sit, or a place with a good view?) Public park A Public park is a piece of land provided for public recreation, sometimes defined as such a piece of land which is also owned by the public and designed for recreational use. Pulhamite Pulhamite is a reconstituted stone devised by James Pulham in the 1840s. It was used to make artificial rocks. Pumice Pumice is an igneous rock derived from lava. It is light and porous. Pumice was used as a building stone by the Romans and has been much-used in making grottos because it favour the growth of plants. Pyramid A Pyramid is a pointed form with square base. Stone pyramids, topiary pyramids and turf pyramids have been used in garden design. Q Quincunx A Quincunx is planting pattern with five points (four to mark a square and one to mark the centre point). R Renaissance Renaissance derives from the French for “re-birth” and is used for the re-introduction of classic Greek and Roman designs in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Rill A Rill is a small water course. Rocaille Rocaille is rockwork, shellwork or pebblework. Rock Garden A Rock Garden is a place for growing mountain plants (e. g. from the Alps and Himalayas). Roji A Roji is a “dewy path’ to a tea house in a Japanese garden. Romantic Romanticism shows itself in the artist’s attitude of mind and choice of subject. It entered the language of art criticism in the eighteenth century (and has since become more widely applied). The word derives from the Romances of the Middle Ages, which were written in Romance languages (i. e. languages, like French) deriving from Latin. They told of chivalrous deeds in “romantic” settings. By the late-eighteenth century “romantic” was being used as a term which contrasted with “classical”. Nicholas Pevsner argued that the “irregularity” which affected English gardens in the first quarter of the eighteenth was the first breath of romanticism on European art. Other historians talk of the whole eighteenth century as a 'pre-romantic' period in contrast with the full-blown romanticism of the nineteenth century. Ruined temples became more significant than new temples because they had a greater effect on the viewer's attitude of mind, suggesting the passage of time, human frailty and heroic deeds in ancient times. Rondpoint A Rondpoint is a circular area where avenues meet (e. g. in a Baroque garden). Root House A Root House is a garden building made with roots, trunks, stumps, branches and other parts of trees. Rosarium A Rosarium is a rose garden, often circular. Rotunda A Rotunda is a round building. Rustication Rustication is stonework with roughened surfaces and recessed joints. S Sacred Grove In Ancient Egypt, Sacred Groves were placed within temple compounds. In Homeric Greece they were places of resort, outside citadels, often dedicated to specific gods and associated with a fresh spring or grotto. In Classical Greece, sacred groves were used for physical and intellectual exercise. They became academies, lyceums and gymnasia. Shakkei Shakkei is borrowed scenery (e. g. a mountain) in a Japanese garden. Shin-Gyo-So Shin, gyo and so are terms (derived from calligraphy) and used to describe, respectively, a formal, semiformal and informal style of Japanese garden design. Shinden-zukuri Shinden-zukuri is the Sleeping Hall (“Shinden”) Style (“Zukuri”) of laying out a Japanese garden during the Heian period. Shoin A Shoin is a study with a low writing desk. The shoin can either be a room in a house of a separate building in a garden. Shoin-zukuri Shoin-zukuri is the study (shoin) + style (zukuri) – the style of laying out a Japanese garden. Stewpond A Stewpond is a fishpond in a monastery garden. Stoa A Stoa is a portico or detached colonnade. Stroll Garden A Stroll Garden is a Japanese garden planned to reveal a sequence of views as the visitor strolls along the path. Sublime In general use, the word Sublime means “of exalted status”. In the eighteenth century the term was given a specific use (e. g. by Edmund Burke), in contrast with the word Beautiful (meaning “soft, gentle and smooth”) so that Sublime meant “dramatic, awe-inspiring and almost frightening”. Picturesque was used as an intermediate term. Sundial A Sundial is a device which uses the sun to tell the time, much-used as a garden ornament. T Terrace Terrace derives from the Latin “terre” = earth and describes a flat area of earth, often supported by a retaining wall. Terracotta Terracotta, from the Latin for “earth + burnt”, is the traditional material for flowerpots and tiles and also describes their characteristic colour. Theatre Theatre derives from the Greek “theaomai” = to behold). In gardens a theatre can be a place for a theatrical performance or place which is like the set for a play. Topiary Topiary describes a shape made by clipping plants. The practice was popular in Roman gardens and revived with the renaissance. Torii A Torii is a gateway at the entrance to a Japanese Shinto shrine, and in other derivative locations, sometimes in gardens. Treillage Treillage is elaborate trellis-work, used to support plants in gardens. Trellis A Trellis is a lattice for the support of climbing plants. Triclinium A Triclinium is a Roman dining room with couches on three sides (from the Greek for “three couches”). Trompe l'oeil A Trompe l'oeil is an illusion which “deceives the eye” (e. g. a wall-painting which resembles a real garden feature). Tufa Tufa is a soft volcanic stone, used in making grottos. Tuin Tuin is the Dutch word for garden. U Urn An Urn is a vase, originally used for storing the ashes of a cremated body. Empty urns have been popular garden ornaments. V Vault A Vault is an arched covering in stone or brick or other material. Villa Villa is the Latin word for a country estate. It refers to the land itself and to the buildings upon it. Volute Volute derives from the Latin “volute” = scroll, and is used for the scroll decoration in the classical Orders of European architecture. W Weathering Weathering is the process which changes a material in time or, in architecture, the slope on a buttress to shed rainwater. Wilderness A Wilderness is a wood, kept for pleasure, with walks. Winter Garden A Winter Garden can be either an outdoor area used for winter-flowering plants, or, a conservatory. Wrought Iron Wrought Iron is iron which has been worked (“wrought”) by hammering on a forge (though the word is often used for gates made by bending mild steel bars). X Xystus Xystus derives from the Greek “xustos”, meaning smooth, and describes a place for exercise. In the gardens of Pompeii, the “xystus” was a place for horticulture. Y Yuan Yuan is the Chinese word for “garden”. Originally, a “yuan” was an imperial hunting park, bounded by a mud wall. Z Ziggurat A Ziggurat is a pyramid-shaped tower. СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
CONTENTS ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ……………………………………………………………………………………3 Unit I. Plants……………………………………………………………………….............................4 Unit II. Types of Plants……………………………………………………………………………..17 Unit III. The Tree…………………………………………………………………………………...31 Unit IV. Garden……………………………………………………………………………………..46 Unit V. From the History of Gardening………………………………………………….................61 Unit VI. Garden Design…………………………………………………………………..................75 SUPPLEMENTARY READING…………………………………………………………………...88 СПИСОК ТЕРМИНОВ…………………………………………………………………………..104 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ………………………………………………………………………..120 Учебное издание Копейкина Ирина Ивановна Garden Design (Садовый дизайн) Учебно-методическое пособие В авторской редакции Подписано в печать _________. Формат 60 × 84 1/8. Усл. печ. л. – 14,2. Уч.-изд. л. – 8,3. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ №_____. Типография Кубанского Государственного аграрного университета 350044, г. Краснодар, ул. Калинина, 13 |
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