Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине Иностранный язык
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Приложение к билету 10(текст 1) Переведите текст со словарем: Other names for capitalism are free market economy and free enterprise. Capitalist society is organized as a market. There are institutions which stand apart from the market, they are government and religion. But they also depend upon the wealth it creates for their well-being. Taxes, for instance, are portions of wealth taken from society to pay for government functions. Making a profit is one of the main reasons to operate a business. Contrary to popular belief company profits are usually quite small — only about 5 to 6 percent, often less than that. If the cost of producing goods and services is lower than their selling price, the business earns a profit. If not, it goes out of business, If a company's costs are low, its profits are greater. This factor motivates companies to produce their goods and services efficiently. A business chat does not snake a profit is not able to innovate and expand. This signals serious problems. NOTES: Tax - налог Profit – доход, выгода Innovate – вводить перемены, новшества Экзаменационные билеты (Инженерно-технические специальности) Экзаменационный билет№1
A Unique Bridge to Span the Volga. The construction of a unique, 12-km bridge across the Volga River, has been started Ulyanovsk. Its water flyover section will be nearly 6 km long. The bridge will represent a double-deck structure with a four-lane motorway on top and high-speed tramway below, with a view on converting it into a Metro line in future. It is only the construction that makes the bridge a unique structure. Our bridge builders have never before encounter such difficult conditions. Strong winds blowing from water reservoir in the north cause big waves nearly as big as sea waves. The bridge is planned to be put into operation in some years. Water flyover – участок над водой, Double-deck – двухэтажный, Lane – ряд, Wave – волна.
Local Transport for Small and Medium-Sized Towns. Many large cities have already started to build Underground and transit systems. But because of high initial cost they turn out to be too expensive for smaller and medium – sized towns with less concentrated traffic volumes. For the reason, more new proposals for low-capacity and low-cost transport systems have been made in recent years. The range of the transportation system now available or at the design stage is very wide: from tracked cabin system through fully automatic, Underground railways of various sizes to moving walkways (escalator) capable of moving at up to 18 km/ph. Among the numerous projects already worked out and realized one should mention the so-called “Aramis” tracked cabin system which has been in operation at Orly near Paris. Rapid transport – скоростной транспорт. Экзаменационный билет№2
Challenge for Motor Car. Some researchers are sure that a suspended cable car is the most comfortable and reliable transport. In any case, this transportation is unrivalled in the mountains. Highly economical and simply designed, the cable cars can compete successfully with automobiles, railways and even planes. They do not need bridges and tunnels; they do not pollute the air with exhaust gases and do not shake the air with the sound of motor. A cargo cableway can be built in a matter of days. Cable cars are used to haul agricultural products such as grapes, tea, and food from areas with limited access, while fertilizers, building materials and other things are taken there on the way back. A challenge – вызов, Suspended cable car – подвесная канатная дорога, To be unrivalled – не иметь равных, To pollute – загрязнять, A limited access – затрудненный доступ.
Moscow’s Public Transport. Moscow is a very large transportation center. There are nine railway stations in Moscow. A great number of suburban passengers use the Moscow railway station every day and they need transport in the city. With the population reaching over 8 mln, it is not an easy job to provide transit to millions of passengers each day. In dealing with the passenger transportation problems the city planners intend to rely mainly on public transport. All types of city transport are to be developed so that each Muscovite will be able to reach any part of the city in 30 minutes (now it takes him 40 minutes on an average). The metro is the most efficient rapid system. The Moscow Metro by electric trains carrying over 9 mln passengers each day, more than any other metro system of the world. Rapid transport – скоростной транспорт. Экзаменационный билет№3
Bridges in Europe. In the middle of the 19th century Europe’s railways were growing quickly. The most serious problem was the building of bridges, which were still constructed mostly of stone and the building of which required a great number of skilled workers. An outstanding French engineer Eiffel began to think that the problem could be solved by the use of prefabricated steel structures which could be handled even by unskilled workers. He studied everything about the characteristics of steel and the stresses it could bear. Eiffel was born in Dijon in 1832. He graduated from the Central School of Engineering in Paris and went to work for a railway construction company. He built some of the world’s biggest bridges using daring techniques that made a revolution in bridge designing. He is the father of modern steel construction. His “fantastic” experiments started the change from the era of stone and wood to the era of the steel and concrete. Prefabricated – сборный, Concrete – бетон.
Signals. Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive and train crew of the position of other trains in relation to their own there are signals installed at frequent intervals. They give indications which are visible by day and by night. Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are called fixed signals. In the past the semaphore was known to be the most common type of the signal. The relative position of the semaphore arm constituted the signal. To indicate “stop” a horizontal arm was used. “Procced” was indicated by a vertical arm. To give restrictive indications the arm was inclined up or down. Wayside signal – путевой сигнал, Fixed signal – стационарный сигнал. Экзаменационный билет№4
Television. The word “television” comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seening”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know television to be widely used both everyday life and in industry, transport, in scientific work, etc. The progress of television since 1929 up to the present time has been rapid. Television rapid. Television requires pictures to be sent by means of electricity. We must have some device which will change light into electricity, so that we can send it over wires or by radio. A number of different devices will do this for us, one of them being the photoelectric cell. Cell – элемент, Tube – трубка.
Movement of Freight Traffic. Movement of freight starts at the initial terminal where the train is made up in the classification yard. Here cars are classified or sorted, those for the same destinations being collected in groups or blocks. These are assembled on a departure track. The number of cars assigned to a train is related as possible to the tonnage capacity of the locomotive. After assembling the various blocks of cars on the track from which the train is to leave, they are coupled up with air brake connections, then tested and inspected. Defective cars are quickly repaired; if this requires more time than is available such cars are cut out. The road locomotive has been inspected. The engine crew takes over the locomotive at the terminal, moves it to departure track and couples it to the train. Classification yard – сортировочный парк, Air brake – воздушный тормоз, Take over – принимать. Экзаменационный билет№5
Communication. Most people think of communications only they want to get from one place to another. But communications are important to the national economy of a country. Without good roads and railways a country cannot develop its resources and industry. Early man probably used the river as his first means of travel and communications. In Roman times, roads became important for military reasons. Today we have increased the ways of communication. Roads are still important, water, in the form of either rivers or seas, is useful for carrying bulky materials. But to these we have added the railway and the aeroplane. Although the future belongs to air transport the railways today still carry the bulk of passenger and gods traffic. Bulky – громоздкий.
Maintenance of Equipment. Railways maintain the roadbed, keep the track in good order, replace rails, renew ballast and replace it from to time, so that the track may sustain the effects of changes in weather conditions and may withstand the hammer – like impacts of heavy locomotive and cars on rails. It is equally important to keep equipment moving over the track in good physical condition. To this end, railways maintain locomotives in good order, guard against breakdowns on the road, and so assure continuous movement at all times. The principal types of equipment utilized by railways to meet the varying traffic demands are locomotives, passenger cars, and freight cars. Railway equipment suffers considerable wear and tear from movement over the rails, around curves, up and grades through assembly at terminal yards, and the result of stopping and starting. It has been calculated that wear and tear account for 70 per cent of physical depreciation of equipment. To guard against breakdowns – охранять от поломок, Tear, wear – износ. Экзаменационный билет№6
From the History of Moscow Metro. In June 1931, it was decided to start preparations or the building of the Metro in Moscow. In the spring of 1932 the project drawn up by engineers and architects was endorsed. Thousands of young specialists and mine workers, construction workers from Donbass and Moscow region, from the Urals, and Dneprostroy went into Metro shafts and tunnels. In a short time (it was called a record time by the world press) the first line was constructed. It had more than eleven kilometers of track and there were ten stations on this line. The construction work was done in difficult geological conditions. To draw up – составлять, To endorse – одобрять, поддерживать.
Assembling the Train; Movement of Passenger. Traffic. After preparing the cars and cleaning and stocking them with supplies, they are coupled, inspected, and tested to ascertain whether mechanical appliances such as air brakes and steam lines, are functioning properly. Passenger trains are assembled in a car yard with a number of specified cars such as baggage, mail and express coaches, dining, parlour and sleeping cars. When ready a switching engine moves the trains to the assigned departure track at the station. The road locomotive has been inspected. The crew takes over the locomotive at the terminal, moves it to departure track and couples it to train. A modern train stands in the terminal ready to receive its passengers. It departs at the moment called for by its schedule. The program of departure seems that few passengers realize that it has required the service if small army of railroad to make the movement possible. Parlour and sleeping car – вагон-салон и спальный вагон, To ascertain – удостовериться. Экзаменационный билет№7
Computers. Today computers are wide in almost all divisions of science and technology. All computers may be divided into broad classes, analog and digital. General purpose machines are capable of machines are capable of talking a wide range of mathematical problems. Analog computers operate on mathematical variables. But these are rather inaccurate and their modeling is limited. Digital computers deal with mathematical variables in the form of numbers which represent discrete values of physical quantities. Although digital computers operate at high rates, there is limit to the speed of operation. Number – число, Variable – переменная величина, Discrete value – дискретная величина.
New Generation of Doubled-Deck Coaches. A new design of the standard double-deck coach is reported to have been carried out. The coach body is designed as a self-supporting welded construction, a body frame being made of light steel sections. The coach is supported on two-axle bogies. The coach has two large passenger compartments of centre corridor type on the upper and lower floors, and a separate intermediate compartment above each bogie. Each car has two entrance vestibules, a switch compartment, and a staircase from each entrance to the upper floor. The coach is fitted with aircraft adjustable seats having adjustable neckrests in the lower compartment, luggage racks being provided above all seats. There are two pairs of sliding doors on each side. Heating in the passenger compartments is by warm air. Double-deck coach – двухэтажный вагон, Two-axle bogie – двухосная тележка, Body – кузов. Экзаменационный билет№8
Low-Temperature Cement. Every year approximately millions of tons of cement are produced around the world. It takes temperature of 1500°C for the natural raw material to be made into cement. Thousands of factories are involved and millions of kWh of electricity and millions of tons of organic fuel are consumed in the process. Great amount of energy could be saved if the roasting temperature could be lowered by even 200°C, but for years this was simply a dream, as reducing the roasting temperature would sharply affect cement quality. Now, scientists have come up with an answer. When the new cement (low-temperature cement) was tested, many of its properties were found to be much better than those of the most popular building material – Portland cement. Low – низкий, Roast – обжигать, Raw – сырьевой. |
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