Практическая работа № 34.
Тема: Локомотив.
Цель: совершенствование навыков использования специальных профессиональных терминов.
Перечень оборудования для проведения работы:тетрадь, письменные принадлежности, словарь.
Задание: прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы.
A locomotive(from Latinloc– 'from a place', ablative of 'locus' = 'place' and Medieval Latin motivus = 'causing motion') is a railwayvehicle that provides the motive power for a train, and has no payload capacity of its own; its sole purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, many trains feature self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles; these are not normally considered locomotives, and may be referred to as multiple units or railcars; the use of these self-propelled vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains, but very rare for freight. Vehicles which provide the motive power to haul an unpowered train, but are not generally considered locomotives because they have payload space or are rarely detached from their trains, are known as power cars.
Traditionally, locomotives haul (pull) their trains. Increasingly common these days in local passenger service is push-pull operation, where a locomotive pulls the train in one direction and pushes it in the other, and is therefore optionally controlled from a control cab at the opposite end of the train. This is especially true of "High Speed Rail lines", such as Germany's ICE and France’s TGV trains.
Origins
The first successful locomotives were built by Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick. In 1804 his unnamed locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near MerthyrTydfil in Wales. Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers in five wagons over nine miles it was too heavy for the cast iron rails used at the time. The locomotive only ran three journeys before it was abandoned.
In 1813, George Stephenson persuaded the manager of the Killingworthcolliery where he worked to allow him to build a steam-powered machine. He built the Blucher, the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive. The flanges enabled the trains to run on top of the rails instead of in sunken tracks. This greatly simplified construction of switches (called "points" in UK) and rails, and opened the way to the modern railroad.
Answer the following questions.
1) What is a locomotive?
2) What is the difference between a locomotive and a power car?
3) What is the sole purpose of locomotives?
4) Who built the first successful locomotives?
5) When did George Stephenson build the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotive?
Vocabulary:
ablative – творительныйпадеж
motivepower – движущаясила
payload – полезная нагрузка
sole – единственный, исключительный
tracks – колея, рельсовый путь
tofeature – выступать в роли
self-propelled – самоходный
payload-carrying – несущий полезную нагрузку
multipleunits – составные элементы
railcars – поезда
tohaul – тянуть
anunpoweredtrain – составбезлокомотива
powercars – поезда с двигателем (например, электропоезда)
acontrolcab – кабина машиниста
ironworks – чугунолитейный завод
castironrails – литые железные рельсы
wasabandoned – был забыт
colliery – каменноугольная копь
asteam-poweredmachine – транспортное средство на паровой тяге
blucher – короткий сапог, старомодный мужской ботинок на шнурке
flanged-wheeladhesion – сцепление рельса с колесом при помощи реборды (гребня, выступа, борта)
flange – реборда (колеса)
switch(called «point» in UK) –стрелка
Отчет о проделанной работе: письменный перевод текста, даны ответы на вопросы.
Практическая работа № 35.
Тема: Прямая и косвенная речь.
Цель: активизация лексико-грамматических навыков.
Перечень оборудования для проведения работы:тетрадь, письменные принадлежности, словарь.
Краткие теоретические положения:
Переход прямой речи в косвенную речь
this → that
these → those
now → then
today → that day
tomorrow → next day
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the day after tomorrow → 2 days later
yesterday → the day before
the day before yesterday → 2 days before
ago → before
here → there
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согласованиевремен
Прямаяречь
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Косвеннаяречь
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Present Indefinite
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Past Indefinite
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Present Continuous
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Past Continuous
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Present Perfect
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Past Perfect
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Past Indefinite
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Past Perfect
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Future Indefinite
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Future Indefinite in the Past
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Таблицапереводаобстоятельств.
Now — then
Today — that day
Yesterday - the day before
The day before yesterday (позавчера) — two days before
Tomorrow — the next day
The day after tomorrow (послезавтра) — in two day's time
Next week (year, month) — the following week (year, month)
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Next Monday — the following Monday
Last week (year, month) — the previous week (year, month)
A year ago — the year before/the previous year
This June — the following June
Ago — before
Here — there
This, these — that, those
Примечание:Will превращается в would, Can — в could.
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Задание: выполните упражнения.
Упражнение № 1.Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. "Go home," said the teacher to us. 2. "Buy some meat in the shop," said my mother to me. 3. "Sit down at the table and do your homework," said my mother to me. 4. "Don't forget to clean your teeth," said granny to Helen. 5. "Don't sit up late," said the doctor to Mary. 6. The doctor said to Pete: "Don't go for a walk today." 7. "Don't eat too much ice-cream," said Nick's mother to him. 8. "Explain to me how to solve this problem," said my friend to me. 9. The doctor said to Nick: "Open your mouth and show me your tongue." 10. "Don't be afraid of my dog," said the man to Kate. 11. "Take this book and read it," said the librarian to the boy.
Упражнение № 2.Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. "My friend lives in Moscow," said Alec. 2. "You have not done your work well," said the teacher to me. 3. The poor man said to the rich man: "My horse is wild. It can kill your horse." 4. The rich man said to the judge: "This man's horse has killed my horse." 5. "This man spoke to me on the road," said the woman. 6. "I can't explain this rule to you," said my classmate to me. 7. The teacher said to the class: "We shall discuss this subject tomorrow." 8. The woman said to her son: "I am glad I am here." 9. Mike said: "We have bought these books today." 10. She said to me: "Now I can read your translation," 11. Our teacher said: "Thackeray's novels are very interesting." 12. She said: "You will read this book in the 9th form." 13. Nelliesaid: "I read 'JaneEyre' lastyear."
Упражнение № 3. Передайте следующие вопросительные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. The teacher said to Mike: "Does your father work at a factory?" 2. Mother said to us: "What are you doing here?" 3. Father said to Nick: "Have you done your homework?" 4. Tom said: "Ann, where are your friends?" 5. Kate said: "Mike, do you like my dress?" 6. Grandfather said to Mary: "What mark did you get at school?" 7. My sister said to me: "Will you take me to the theatre with you tomorrow?" 8. Mother asked me: "Did you play with your friends yesterday?" 9. "Why don't you play with your friends, Kate?" said her mother. 10. "Do you like chocolates?" said my little sister to me. 11. "Did you see your granny yesterday, Lena?" asked Mr. Brown. 12. The doctor asked Nick: "Do you wash your face and hands every morning?"
Отчет о проделанной работе: выполнены письменно упражнения.
Практическая работа № 36.
Тема: Принципы передачи железнодорожных сигналов.
Цель: активизация употребления новых терминов.
Перечень оборудования для проведения работы:тетрадь, письменные принадлежности, словарь.
Задание: прочитайте и переведите текст, ответьте на вопросы к тексту.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RAILWAY SIGNALING
No department of railways has been more developed by modern technology than signaling and telecommunications. Color light signals, electrical operation of signals and points, track-circuiting, route-setting panel control, automatic train operation, computer-based centralized traffic control (CTC) – these are the basic elements of up-to-date signaling. The method of operating long railway lines by CTC began in the USA in 1927. The principle is that at the central point the operator has a diagram showing him where every train is and he can control the whole section of the line – possiblyof two or three hundred miles – from his control console. The operator can see and control the overall track circuit. On modern railways the main line and station approaches are controlled from a single control center to provide regular traffic and avoid delays. To control a whole trunk line from one place a single control centre was first introduced in Japan, on the New Tokaido Line. The entire line between Tokyo and Osaka is wholly controlled from the general control center located in Tokyo. It’s well-known that conventional CTC uses conventional relays. Practical railway experience shows that it takes much time to transmit information therefore the Japanese National Railways have developed a new system using transistors and diodes. This system proves to be more reliable; besides that it is more economical because it helps to save time: it takes about one second to scan indications for all tracks. At present up-to-date electronic equipment including a digital computer is widely used to automate train operation and to improve the quality of railway service.
Answer the following questions to the text:
1. Do railway signaling and communications have the most advanced technologies and equipment?
2. What are the basic elements of up-to-date signaling? Which of them is the latest one? What’s your opinion on the subject?
3. What does the abbreviation CTC mean?
4. What country was the first to use CTC on its railways?
5. What kind of a diagram does the operator have on his (her) control console?
6. How long may be the section of the main line controlled from the single control centre?
7. What approaches are controlled from a single control centre?
8. Why is CTC so important for railways?
9. What railways began to control a whole trunk line by means of CTC?
10. What devices had been used to transmit information before the Japanese National Railways developed a new system using transistors and diodes?
11. Why are transistors and diodes more reliable than relays?
12. What is the latest development used to automate train operation and improve the quality of railway service?
Отчет о проделанной работе: письменный перевод текста и ответы на вопросы.
Практическая работа № 37.
Тема: Железнодорожная автоматизация.
Цель: активизация употребления новых терминов.
Перечень оборудования для проведения работы:тетрадь, письменные принадлежности, словарь.
Задание: прочитайте и переведите текст, составьте вопросы к тексту.
RAILWAY AUTOMATION
At present control of high-speed trains is semi-automatic since they are automatically forced to comply with permissible speeds at any instant. Stops at station platforms are under the driver’s control. The state of the line is continuously surveyed and information is transmitted at high speed to the control centre. Each train automatically identifies itself by generating a unique frequency as it passes fixed ground equipment and the information is displayed on the control panel at Tokyo. Trains entering stations automatically set the points system according to classification, i.e. whether super express, express or freight. One interesting but simple safety feature enables the operator on the line to stop the train in an emergency. It consists of push-button switches placed at intervals of 50m. Operation of the switch completes the circuit, and the consequent indication in the driver’s cab of an approaching train causes the brakes to be applied automatically when at an appropriate distance from the danger position. All the circuits are fail-safe, and the possibility of an accident due to human error has been virtually eliminated. Great work is being carried out in order to improve circuits performance. It means introduction of such techniques as programmed control, obstacle detection by a guided radar, controlled braking to a fixed point and centralized computer control. Extensive research is under way in our country to utilize television technique in industry, science and agriculture. Some years ago one of the research institutes of our country designed a television apparatus which is now used in railway transport to record the serial numbers of freight cars arriving at a station. As a train pulls in at a station, somewhere at a distance of ten kilometers an operator sees this train on a screen of his television set. The operator reads aloud the serial number of the freight cars and they are recorded by a tape recorder. On another television set the operator can see all the railway lines in a station. The operator only has to press the button and another station will appear on the screen. These installations are used in classifications yards for shunting operations. The Central Research Institute of the Railways Ministry is designing a new television apparatus which will enable engine drivers “to see” the condition of the freight car even when it is dark.
Отчетопроделаннойработе: переведентекст, составленывопросыктексту.
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