Мгимо 2005

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THEME TWO A Place to Live and Work

11 Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

Are there many immigrants in your country?
Do many people emigrate from your country?
What factors cause people to go and live in another country? What do they expect to find?
What attitudes do they encounter and what treatment do they receive?
How do they view their homeland?

Little Has Changed on the Streets of London

The number of people emigrating from Ireland is currently estimated at 30,000 annually. There is no doubt that the bulk of young Irish emigrants end up in London. And while some of their problems are unique to this generation, many of them work in the same jobs and live in the same conditions as endless previous generations of emigrants to Britain.

While some Irish take their degrees to London and use them to get jobs in the burgeoning service industry, for many others who left school in their teens and experienced months, if not years, of unemployment their second act on reaching London is to sign on for social welfare. Their first, and most difficult, is finding somewhere to live.

Social welfare benefits, when they include a rent allowance, are better in England. For a young unemployed man or woman, living at home with little or no unemployment assistance in Ireland, this can seem an attractive proposition, offering independence, a subsistence income and at least the hope of a job in a city where unemployment, while real, is a lot lower than in Ireland. Many young Irish emigrants go straight on the dole when they arrive in England. Some find jobs fairly quickly, others remain on the dole for months.

Andrew Fox is living on the dole, and is also in receipt of housing benefit. And he is living in relative comfort, as he's staying in Conway House, the hostel for young Irish men run by the Catholic Church in Kilburn. This costs £50 a week for bed and breakfast, and all the young men there spoke glowingly of the facilities it offers and the welcome they receive from staff. There was a 300 per cent increase in demand for places in this hostel in the first six months of last year.

But those who get into Conway House are the lucky ones and there is a six month time limit on residence there. It has a capacity for just 300, a drop in the ocean, and thousands of young Irish emigrants live in squats across north London. The squats are empty houses, many of them owned by the local council. They may be being prepared for sale into the private sector. Sometimes the council boards up the windows or removes the stairs, and the electricity is usually cut off. The conditions vary widely in the squats, from those in houses which are in good condition and where the illegal tenants are painters and decorators and do the place up, to those in bad repair where the squatters live on mattresses on the floors in rooms lit only by candles. If they reconnect the electricity they face arrest and charges for stealing it.

Jobs are easier to come by than homes. But many of the jobs involve hard work, long hours and no security or protection. This is particularly true in the building trade. London is experiencing a building boom and many of the subcontractors are Irish. Like in the 1950's, there are queues of young men outside the Irish pubs and cafes at 5.30 on Monday mornings, waiting to be driven to a site maybe miles away. Often there are hundreds of young Irish men and even if they do get work they rarely get back before 7 p.m. Wages are paid cash in hand. The men are not taxed and while they don't tell the contractor they are signing on, he doesn't ask either. And if they no are injured, they are not insured.

Sister Joan Kane of the Haringey Irish Community Centre deals with the homeless many of them single men who have worked on the buildings all their lives. 'Some of the men in their forties coming in here worked very, very hard on the casual labouring scene. Then they got injured one day doing very heavy work. Now they're on the rootless scene. The casual scene is still going strong. The thing is, it's Irish employers exploiting Irish people. It's very degrading too, if you're passed over.'

Loneliness as well as the need for practical help ensures that many Irish people stick together. One of the subjects discussed at a seminar on emigration in Kilburn was the trauma experienced by Irish emigrants, revealed in statistics which showed a disproportionately high number of Irish admissions to mental hospitals. One of the reasons for the sense of alienation was the sense of being foreigners in England and the hostility they experienced from many sections of the media and the police. Those who leave the country voluntarily are more likely to adapt well than those, in the majority, forced to do so out of economic necessity. Most of those who attended the seminar in Kilburn were in no doubt about the category they belonged to. 'I love Ireland', says Andrew Fox. 'I wouldn't have left it, only there was no work there.'

The Irish Times
12 Find English equivalents to the following word-combination:
• большинство иммигрантов • оседать в Лондоне

• не иметь работы в течение многих месяцев

• вмещает только триста человек • забивать окна досками

• подвергаться аресту • обвиняться в чем-либо

• выполнять временную или сезонную работу

• обойти по работе • держаться вместе

• приспосабливаться к условиям

13 Explain the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and provide your own sentences.

end up in London to be in a particular place after doing something: Somehow they all ended up at my house. Keep on doing that and you'll end up in serious trouble.
sign on ………………
cut off ……………….
do up ………………...
come by ……………..
passed over …………..

14 Answer the following questions:

How many people from Ireland emigrate to GB and where do most of them settle down? Is it unusual for Great Britain?
Why do the emigrants have to sign on for social welfare? Why do they prefer living on the dole in GB to staying in Ireland? What does it offer? How long do immigrants stay on the dole?
Can we call Andrew Fox a lucky young man? Why yes or no?
Where do the majority of young Irish emigrants live? What are the living conditions there? What dangers can they face?
What kind of jobs can the Irish emigrants find?
What dangers in their work do they face?
What does their job involve? What doesn’t it involve?
How does the ordinary day of emigrants run?
What is so degrading about the system?
Why is the number of Irish admissions to mental hospitals so high?
What are reasons for the sense of alienation?
What makes them stick together? Who is more likely to adapt to the circumstances?

15 Summarize in 230 words significant facts about the life of Irish immigrants in London.

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