Методические указания по организации самостоятельной работы студентов заочного отделения по дисциплине: «иностранный язык»
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SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS Read and translate the text. Do the tasks below. The English word "law" refers to limits upon various forms of behavior. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave. In all societies relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power. The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority. Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experience. Sometimes, we can break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments. However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example when young children commit crimes). I. Переведите с английского языка на русский: То behave; limits; prescribe; customs; to belong to; to accept; moral behavior; however; one's own experiences; to refuse to have anything to do with smb; to be guided by smth; to commit crimes. II. Переведите с русского языка на английский: Предписанный; регулировать; проводить законы в жизнь; нести наказание; нарушать (законы); политическая власть; страдать; постоянно; вести себя жестоко по отношению к кому-либо; создавать; подчеркивать; отдельный случай. III. Заполните предложения необходимыми по смыслу словами. 1. Prescriptive laws ... how people ought to behave. 2. Some laws are made by ... and enforced against all citizens within their power. 3. ... carry penalties for those people who break them. 4. ... need not be written down. IV. Верны или неверны следующие предложения: 1. There are two kinds of laws: descriptive and prescriptive. 2. Customs are more formal than the rules of social institutions. 3. Customs are made by governments and they are written down. 4. When young children commit crimes the law is not enforced against them. V. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What does the English word "law" refer to? 2. What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive laws? 3. What is the difference between the rules of social institutions and customs? 4. Are there any instances where the law is not enforced against someone? VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов. 1. The jury system became more firmly established and trial by jury became compulsory. 2. Over the past two centuries, the Constitution has also had considerable influence outside the United States. 3. They explained now they had planned the robbery. 4.1 was reading a book when the police came. VII. Поставьте прилагательные в необходимые формы сравнения. 1. The profession of a lawyer is one of the (important) in the law-governed state. 2. The Queen is the (official) Head of State. 3. Lawyers' salaries are (great) than those of many other professionals. 4. This barrister has as (many) clients as that one. 5. The (little) the evidence, the (difficult) to find a murderer. VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции there is (there are/there was/there were). 1. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives. 2. Twenty-five years ago, there was one lawyer for every 700 people. 3. There were a lot of counterfeit banknotes in circulation. 4. There will be a lot of evidence that proves this fact. Вариант № 8 ANCIENT SYSTEMS OF LAW Read and translate the text. Do the tasks below. One of the earliest systems of law of which we have knowledge is the collection of laws, known as the Code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian king, who lived in about 1900 B.C., and whose stone figure we can see in the British Museum in London. Another early code is the code of Hebrew Law contained in the Bible. In Greece each city state had its own law, some laws were common to many states. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks began to put their laws into writing. About 594 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law. The Athenians did not consider it necessary to have legal experts for non-criminal cases. In a civil case the verdict was given by a jury, which might number anything from 201 to 2,500. The members of a jury listened to speeches made by the persons who had brought the case before them, and by their friends. Barristers did not participate in court proceedings, but professional speech writers sometimes prepare speeches. Roman law is one of the greatest systems that has ever existed. It was based upon custom, and by A.D. 528 the quantity of Roman law had become so immense that The Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws. Roman law had a deep influence upon the law of the world. It had a strong influence of most European countries and some influence on Anglo-Saxon law, which is the other great law system of the world. After many years Roman law reappeared in the eleventh century, when there was a great revival of learning. Many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. In France, however, until Napoleon codified the law in 1804, each province has its own laws. The Napoleonic Code was a splendid achievement, and it has influenced the law of many countries in Europe and South America. Notes: В.С. (before Christ) – до нашей эры. Hebrew Law – древнееврейское право. A.D. (Anno Domini) (лат.) – нашей эры. I. Переведите с английского языка на русский: Code; state; a law-giver; non-criminal cases; a jury; to participate; to exist; to be based upon; quantity; to have a deep influence upon a great revival of learning. II. Переведите с русского языка на английский: Каменная фигура; содержащийся; излагать в письменной форме; обеспечивать; выносить вердикт; судебное разбирательство; огромный; появиться снова; приводить в систему; достижение. III. Закончите следующие предложения. 1. One of the earliest systems of law was ... 2. The Greeks began to put their laws into writing in ... 3. The Emperor Justinian in Constantinopole ordered to make a clear, systematic code of all the laws because ... 4. In France each province had its own laws until ... IV. Верны или неверны следующие утверждения: 1. The Book of Exodus in the Bible contains the code of Hebrew Law. 2. About 794 B.C. Solon, the famous Athenian law-giver, provided a new code of law. 3. Barristers participated in court proceedings. 4. Many European countries began to use Roman law in their courts. V. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What ancient systems of law do we have knowledge of ? 2. What book contains one of the earliest systems of law ? 3. When did the Greeks begin to put their laws into writing ? 4. What is one of the greatest systems of law ? 5. What system of law had a great influence on the law of the world ? VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов в пассивном залоге. 1. The law on partnership was codified by the Parliament in 1972. 2. Customs are not created by societies consciously. 3. Many general customs have been adopted by the courts and have become laws. 4. Roman law was used in the courts by many European countries. VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы. 1. The custom must not be unreasonable. 2. Preparing a bill for submission to Parliament may take many months. 3. The Lords can merely delay bills which they don't like. 4. They should participate in the movement aiming to bring about fundamental change. VIII. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции и значение слов «it» и «one». 1. It is not easy to cross-examine all witnesses in a short period of time. 2. Law cannot be separated from the judges who interpret and administer it. 3. It is the cabinet and not Parliament that controls and runs the nation's affair in England. 4. Business contacts as well as cultural ones contribute to mutual understanding and trust among peoples. 5. One must observe the law. Вариант № 9 THE GOVERNMENTAL MODEL IN THE UK Read and translate the text. Do the tasks below. The governmental model that operates in Britain today is usually described as constitutional monarchy, or parliamentary system. While a monarch still has a role to play on some executive and legislative levels, it is Parliament, which possesses the essential power, and the government of the day, which governs by initiating and controlling political policy and legislation. The correct constitutional definition of Parliament is "Queen-in-Parliament", and all state and governmental business is therefore carried out in the name of the monarch by the politicians and officials of the system. In constitutional theory the British people hold the political sovereignty to choose their government, while Parliament, consisting partly of their elected representatives in the Commons, possesses the legal sovereignty to make laws. The various branches of this political system, although easily distinguishable from each other, are not entirely separate. The monarch is formally head of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. The legislature, which consists of both Houses of Parliament and formally the monarch, is for most purposes the supreme law-making body. The executive comprises the sitting government and its Cabinet, together with government ministers of departments headed by ministers or secretaries of state, who all act formally in the name of the monarch. The judiciary is composed mainly of the judges of the higher courts, who determine the common law and interpret Acts of Parliament. The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the legislative and executive branches of government. I. Переведите с английского языка на русский: Constitutional monarchy; to possess the essential power; initialing and controlling political policy; to carry out; to hold the political sovereignty; to be distinguishable from; separate; purpose; to be composed of; independent. II. Переведите с русского языка на английский: Действовать; исполнительный; законодательный; управлять; определение; следовательно; чиновники; выбирать правительство; состоять из чего-либо; выбирать, избирать; обладать; полностью, всецело; включать; определять. III. Закончите предложения. 1. A monarch has a role to play on some executive and legislative levels, and Parliament... 2. The correct constitutional definition of Parliament is ... 3. To choose their government the British people... 4. The legislature consists of... 5. The judiciary is independent of... IV. Верны или неверны следующие предложения: 1. The governmental model in the UK is described as parliamentary system. 2. All state and governmental business isn't carried out in the name of the monarch. 3. Parliament possesses the legal sovereignty to make laws. 4. The monarch is the head of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. 5. The various branches of the UK political system are entirely separate. V. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What role does the sovereign play in constitutional monarchy? 2. Why are the branches of the British political system not entirely separate? 3. What are the functions of the three branches of power? VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов. 1. I have never been to any court, criminal or civil. 2. They explained how they had planned the robbery. 3. How long has this man been in jail ? 4. She will have given evidence by that time tomorrow. VII. Вставьте вместо точек необходимый артикль: "a/an", "the" или нулевой. 1. ... defendant is ... person against whom a legal action is brought. 2. Bill Clinton was ... President of ... USA. 3. It is ... serious statement. I cannot support it. ... statement contradicts ... facts. 4. One of... problems they discussed concerned ... arrest of... soldier. VIII. Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму. 1. Не... (to study) law at the University. 2. I'm sure he... (to make) a good lawyer. 3. They often... (to publish) information on economic crimes. 4. In 1984 the average salary of experienced lawyers... (to be) 88,000 dollars 5. The murder rate... (to change) since 1969 yet. Вариант № 10 THE AMERICAN CIVIL SERVICE Read and translate the text. Do the tasks below. Many people think of a federal bureaucrat as a pencil pusher shuffling papers in Washington, D. C. This image, however, is not accurate. First of all, only 11 percent of all federal government employees work in Washington, D. C. Most of them work in regional and local offices scattered across the United States and the world. Second, FBI agents, forest rangers, and air-traffic controllers are as much part of the federal bureaucracy are as secretaries and file clerks. Their activities have little to do with bureaucratic paperwork. Federal government employees play a vital role in assuring the smooth functioning of the United States government. Who are the people who work for the many departments and agencies that make up the federal bureaucracy? The typical man or woman in the federal service is about 43 years old and has worked for the government for a total of about 15 years. Federal workers are better educated than workers in the general population. More than a half of them have some college training, while a quarter have done graduate work at universities. Federal workers hold a great variety of jobs. Besides administrative workers, the government also employs doctors, veterinarians, lawyers, cartographers, scientists, engineers, accountants, and many other professionals. The way the civil servants get their offices is also important. During the first years of democracy, George Washington declared that he appointed government officials according to "fitness of character." Another president, Andrew Jackson argued that long service in the same jobs by any group of workers would only promote tyranny. I. Переведите с английского языка на русский: A pencil pusher shuffling papers; forest rangers; file clerk; to have little to do with; a vital role; department; general population; college training; to hold; besides; to declare; "fitness of character". II. Переведите с русского на английский: Точный; прежде всего; служащий, работающий по найму; разбросанный; работа с бумагами; гарантировать, обеспечивать; спокойный; составлять; в целом, в совокупности; в то время как; бухгалтер; назначать; способствовать. III. Закончите следующие предложения: 1. Most of federal government employees work... 2. The typical man or woman in the federal service has worked for the government for... 3. George Washington appointed government officials according to... IV. Верны или неверны следующие утверждения: 1. The image of a federal bureaucrat as a pencil pusher shuffling papers is accurate. 2. The activities of FBI agent, forest rangers, and air- traffic controllers have little to do with bureaucratic paperwork. 3. Federal workers are worse educated than workers in the general population. 4. Andrew Jackson said that long service in the same jobs would promote tyranny. V. Ответьте на вопросы. 1. What common features do federal workers have? 2. What kind of jobs do government employees hold? 3. How did civil servants get their offices in the first years of American democracy? 4. How were governmental officials appointed in the first years of American democracy? VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, определяя видовременную форму глаголов в пассивном залоге. 1. All defendants are entitled to legal representation which will be provided free if they cannot pay for it. 2. A burglar alarm has been installed in the apartment. 3. He was caught red handed. 4. I asked him if the goods had been delivered in strict conformity with the Contract. VII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы. 1. The President, the head of the Executive Branch, must carry out the government programs adopted by the Congress. 2. A barrister can only be consulted in directly through a solicitor. 3. The physical conduct of the accused may either be active, or may consist of an omission where there is a legal duty to act. 4. We learn how we should behave in society through instruction of family and teachers, friends and our own experiences. VIII. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений. 1. Federal workers have some college training. 2. Are there any political parties in the UK? 3. There is nothing to stop unconventional candidates from standing for election, however. 4. Some Members of Parliament in Great Britain hold an advice bureau in their constituencies. Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 1 1. Прочитайте текст; раскройте скобки, употребив слова в нужной форме (глаголы в нужном времени; модальные глаголы, прилагательные, числительные, наречия и местоимения в нужной грамматической форме). Переведите текст на русский язык Mr. Jones, a teacher of physics, at a boy's school was fond of the experimental method in physics and often (1) ____ (to tell) the boys that if they (2) ___ (to use) it, it (3) ___ (to help) them to study physics (4) ___ (good). One day Mr. Jones (5) ___ (to come) to school on a new bicycle. He (6) ____ (to buy) it in London some time before. The bicycle was the (7) __ (new) make with pneumatic tires. The pupils ever (8) __ (to see, not) them before. At the physics lesson the teacher decided to show the pupils the new invention. He wanted (9) __ (they) (10) ___ (to see) the tires. He (11) ___ (to see) the pupils (12) ___ (to touch) the tires. He asked what (13) ___ (to be) inside them. The pupils (14) ___ (to think) they (15) ___ (to fill) with different things: cotton wool, springs. But they couldn't guess. Suddenly a little boy, who (16) ___ (to stand) near the bicycle, cried out, «I know there is wind inside!» Mr. Jones smiled and said, «You are right. There is air inside. » He asked the boy how he (17) ___ (to learn) it. The boy answered that it was his experimental method and showed the nail (гвоздь) which he had pushed into the tires. For the (18) __ (one) time in his life Mr. Jones (19) ___ (to like, not) the use of the experimental method. He (20) ___ (must) repair his bicycle. 2. К приведенному предложению задайте 6 вопросов: общий, альтернативный, разделительный и три специальных к подчеркнутым словам. The teacher's bicycle was broken by his pupils at the lesson. 3. Прочитайте текст, заполните пропуски артиклями и предлогами, где необходимо. Mrs. Blake and her husband arrived (1) ___ (2) ___ platform of Victoria station. Suddenly they noticed (3) ___ man carrying a case and a light overcoat. (4) __ man's face seemed familiar to Mrs. Blake. When (5) __ train started, the man with a case and an overcoat entered (6) __ the compartment (купе) and took a seat opposite Mrs. Blake. He began to read a newspaper. Suddenly Mrs. Blake saw some pictures of a man, wanted by the police in the newspaper. The man was (7) ___ killer. (8) ___ man, who was reading the newspaper, took out (9) ___ knife and (10) ___ apple and began to peel (чистить) it. He wasn't paying any attention (11) ___ (12) ___ lady, sitting opposite him. Mrs. Blake was frightened. Soon the train stopped and the man stood (13) __ . Mrs. Blake was sure, the man was a killer because she saw two policemen, waiting (14) __ him on the platform. When he got (15) __ the train, the policemen said (16) __ him, «Good morning, inspector, (a) The commissioner is expecting you. (b) Hurry up! (c) Why have you come so late? (d) Are you tired?» Mrs. Blake took the newspaper (17) ___ his seat and looked (18) __ the two pictures (19) ___ the front page: one of the killer, (20) ___ other - of Inspector White of Scotland Yard. Of course, the man in her compartment was Inspector White! 4. Вставьте необходимый предлог, переведите на русский язык и составьте предложения со следующими словосочетаниями: 1) to be bounded…sth; 2) to be divided…sth; 3) to defend sb…sb; 4) a short journey away…sth; 5) to be known…sth; 6) a great number…sth; 7) to begin…sth; 8) a head…sth; 9) to fight…sth…sb; 10) to be good…sth; 11) to be responsible…sth; 12) to pay attention…sth. 5. Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы. Составьте реферирование письменно. Выпишите и объясните все видо-временные формы глаголов. WESTMINSTER ABBEY Opposite the Houses of Parliament stands Westminster Abbey. It is a fine Gothic building, famous for its architecture and historical associations. The Abbey contains the tombs and memorials of many famous English scientists such as Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and others. It has its Poet's Corner, where many writers are buried, among them Geoffrey Chaucer, Charles Dickens, Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Hardy and Redyard Kipling. Here there are also memorials to William Shakespeare, John Milton, Robert Burns, George Byron, Walter Scott and other well-known English writers and poets. Here in the Abbey there is the Grave of the Unknown Soldier who represents all those fallen in the First World War. It is a symbol of the nation's grief. The inscription on the tomb reads, 'Beneath this stone rests the body of a British warrior unknown by name or rank brought from France to lie among the most illustrious of the land.' Westminster Abbey is not just a historic monument. It is a church which continues the tradition begun more than nine centuries earlier. It is a house of prayer where the usual services of the Church are conducted from day to day. There are special services which are held in the Abbey. These include a service on the day of independence of each Commonwealth country. Commonwealth Day is marked by a special service usually attended by the Queen herself. Annually the Royal Air Force is remembered in a service to mark the Battle of Britain; nurses commemorate Florence Nightingale; Guides and Scouts have a special Thinking Day Service. The most moving is the service conducted on December 28, the anniversary of the Abbey's consecration, which has the most beautiful carol services. 6. a) Translate the following text into Russian; b) Make up your own plan of the text; c) Write out key words of each paragraph. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN G.B. Despite its relative economic decline, Britain is still one of 'the wealthiest countries in the world. London remains one of the centers of financial world, it has one of the largest concentrations of banks, insurance companies and stockbrokers in the world. The Bank of England, popularly known as 'the Old Lady of Thread-needle Street', is Britain's central bank. Although it is nationalised and closely tied to the government, which it advises on financial matters, it operates with some independence. The main functions of the bank of England are to design, print and issue banknotes in England and Wales, to manage the national debt and to supervise the country's gold reserve. The bank is the contact between the government and other financial institutions, it supervises the implementation of the government policies. The City of London has a considerable range of financial markets. The International Stock Exchange is a market for the buying and selling of quoted stocks and shares in British public companies, and overseas. Lloyd's of London is a famous name in the insurance market, and has long been active in its traditional fields of shipping and maritime insurance. It has now diversified into many other areas. In audition to the Lloyd's company, there are many individual insurance companies with headquarters in London and branches through the country. They play an important role in British financial life because they are large investors of capital. Their main activity has traditionally been in life insurance. But many have now diversified into other associated fields, such as pensions and property loans. Вариант №2 1. Прочитайте текст; раскройте скобки, употребив слова в нужной форме (глаголы в нужном времени; модальные глаголы, прилагательные, числительные, наречия и местоимения в нужной грамматической форме). Ali Baba was a poor merchant. One day when he was returning home from the market, he heard somebody (1) ____ (to speak) loudly behind him. It was a gang of robbers . The man stopped. From behind the bushes Ali Baba (2) ____ (to see) them (3) ___ (to get off) (4)____ (they) horses and (5) ____ (to come) up to the rock. The leader of the gang bowed his head three times and cried out, «Open, Sesame!». The rock moved and opened the entrance to a very large cave. Ali Baba couldn't believe his eyes. He (6) ___ (must) (7) ____ (to wait) for a long time before the robber gang (8) ____ (to ride) out of the rock. The leader cried, «Close, Sesame!» and the rock moved back to (9) _____ (it) place. The robbers (10) ____ (to go away). It was a hot day, the sun was shining brightly. But Ali Baba (11) ___ (to feel, not) (12) ____ (nice). He was afraid that the robbers (13) ___ (to return) and he (14) ____ (to be sure, not) if he could come out of his hiding place. He wondered if he really (15) ____ (to meet) the robbers. Finally he decided to try to open the rock (16) ____ (he). He approached the rock and in a loud voice cried out, «Open, Sesame!» The big rock opened (17) ___ (easily) but (18) ____ (slowly) than the first time and he entered the cave. The cave was full of gold and other riches. Soon the gold and the coins (19) ____ (to take) into his bags and he left the cave in a hurry. He thought to himself, «I (20) ___ (to think, never) that I can be so rich.» Outside he shouted, «Close, Sesame!» and the rock once more came into place with the secrets hidden. 2. К приведенному предложению задайте 6 вопросов: общий, альтернативный, разделительный и три специальных к подчеркнутым словам. Ali Baba had to sit behind the bushes for a long time. 3. Прочитайте текст, заполните пропуски артиклями и предлогами, где необходимо. Another time I went camping was (1) ___ (2) ___ island of Iona. We camped (3) ___ (4) ___ north-west corner. It is (5) ___ very special island, which is historically important because Saint Columba lived there. He was (6)______man who brought Christianity to (7) ___ Scotland. The story goes that he left (8) ___ (9) ___ Ireland and went (10) ___ Scotland (11) ___ boat and stopped on another island and could still see his own country, so he moved on to Iona, from which he could not see his native land, so he wouldn't feel homesick. We arrived (12) ____(13) ____ island and went off looking (14) __ some place to camp. We found (15) __ very nice place along the sea-front, put up our tents there and spent some time there playing (16) __ football. When it got dark we decided to go to the local town for a drink. We decided to take (17) ___ shortest way through the field. But our way back was along the road. When we finally got back we couldn't find (18) ___ tents or even (19)____place on which we had camped. We asked ourselves, «(a) What's going on? (b) What's happened? (c) Where are our tents? (d) Isn't it strange?» It turned out that the tide (прилив) had come in and cut us off from our tents. We had to roll up our trousers, take (20) ___ our shoes and socks to reach our tents. 4. Вставьте необходимый предлог, переведите на русский язык и составьте предложения со следующими словосочетаниями: 1) to be bounded…sth; 2) to be divided…sth; 3) to defend sb…sb; 4) a short journey away…sth; 5) to be known…sth; 6) a great number…sth; 7) to begin…sth; 8) a head…sth; 9) to fight…sth…sb; 10) to be good…sth; 11) to be responsible…sth; 12) to pay attention…sth 5. Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы. Составьте реферирование письменно. Выпишите и объясните все видо-временные формы глаголов. THE TOWER OF LONDON The Tower of London is the oldest palace, fortress and prison in Europe. The great fortress was created by William the Conqueror nearly 900 years ago. The site was well chosen, the fortress commanded the river approaches to the city and it protected the king and government from the citizens of London. The Tower of London is roughly square in shape with two lines of defensive walls enclosing the tower which for centuries has been known as the White Tower. The outer wall is defended by six towers on the river face and by two semi-circular bastions at the north-east and north-west. Over the centuries the Tower has served many purposes. It has been a citadel, a royal palace, a prison for dangerous offenders against the state. The Tower is entered at the foot of Tower Hill, one of the most well-known towers is the Lion Tower. In this semicircular tower the royal menagerie was housed. In 1834 the menagerie was sent to Regent's Park where it formed the present London Zoo. The tower was then demolished. There have always been ravens at the Tower and some are-still there. These large birds traditionally associated with ill-omen live on raw meat and offal, but their favorite food is raw eggs. They are unfriendly and it is unwise to touch or feed them. There are six birds. Their wings are clipped so that they cannot fly away. Every night at exactly seven minutes to 10 o'clock the oldest and most colorful ceremony takes place for the last 700 years in the same form as it is seen today. 6. a) Translate the following text into Russian; b) Make up your own plan of the text; c) Write out key words of each paragraph. THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT The British Government consists of the Prime Minister and other ministers, all of whom are collectively responsible for every part of the Government’s administration. All the members are appointed entirely on the Prime Minister's advice. The Prime Minister effectively appoints the other ministers and may also require them to resign. All the ministers must be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, and a minister may speak only in the House of which he is a member. Some of the ministers are entitled, for example, "Minister of Transport", but other offices have special titles, such as the Chancellor of the Exchequer (who presides over finance), the President of the Board of Trade and the Lord Chancellor (who presides over the administration of justice, though he is not quite the same thing as a Minister of Justice). Some archaic offices survive: Lord President of the Council, Lord Privy Seal, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Paymaster-General. There are several Secretaries of State (for Foreign Affairs, Scotland, the Home Department, etc.). The Cabinet consists of the heads of the most important Departments together with a few ministers without departments. The Prime Minister decides which ministers will be included, but there are some, like the Foreign Secretary, whom he could not easily leave out. The number of members has varied in peacetime between fifteen and twenty-three. The Cabinet as such is not recognized by any formal law, and has no formal powers but only real powers. It takes the effective decisions about what is to be done, but in many cases the formal order embodying the Cabinet's decision must be made later, either by a particular minister, or by the Queen in her Privy Council, or, when the Cabinet's decision involves the making of a new law, by the two Houses of Parliament and the Queen. The structure of the Government is frequently changed as new departments are set up or existing departments are merged. Вариант № 3 I. Вставьте нужные модальные глаголы: must, should ,can, may или их эквиваленты: have to, ought to, need not, be able to. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. A Central Bank of every country... be a banker both to the commercial banks and to the government.
10.The financial manager will... to plan a strategy of its own financial institution by the beginning of the next month. II. Заполните пропуски, вставьте подходящую по смыслу форму глагола в Past Simple или Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. When he was a sales representative, he twelve hours a day (worked/ has worked) 2.... you ... the terms of delivery already? (decided/have decided). 3. This company ... a decision to start producing new machines (has made/made). 4. I... just... the bill at the cafe (paid/have paid) 5. Nobody ... the lost city of Atlantis (has found/found) III. Раскройте скобки, используя глагол для образования соответствующей формы причастий. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
IV. Напишите следующие предложения в пассивном залоге в соответствии с образцом. Обратите внимание на времена глаголов. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Model: They use the safety deposit boxes very often. Safety deposit boxes are used very often by them.
V. Переведите письменно текст. Выпишите и объясните все видо-временные формы глаголов. Demand and Supply Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at each price. Other things equal, at low prices the demanded quantity is higher. Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well. The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price. There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others. An increase in the price of a substitute good (or a decrease in the price of a complement good) will at the same time raise the demanded quantity. As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise. As to supply, some factors are assumed as constant. Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of a good as a reduction in input prices. Government regulates demand and supply, imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту:
Вариант №4 I. Вставьте нужные модальные глаголы: must, should , can, may или их эквиваленты: have to, ought to, need not, be able to. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
II. Заполните пропуски, вставьте подходящую по смыслу форму глагола в Past Simple или Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
III. Раскройте скобки, используя глагол для образования соответствующей формы причастий. Переведите предложения на русский язык. |
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