Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования «московский государственный технический университет гражданской авиации» (мгту га)

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ИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

«МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ АВИАЦИИ» (МГТУ ГА)
Кафедра Гуманитарных и социально-политических дисциплин (ГСПД)
Портнова Т.Ю.
Aircraft Equipment

Пособие по английскому языку

для студентов II курса

(cпециальность 162500)

Иркутск 2013

Рецензент: к.ф.л.н., Ставина Н.А.
Портнова Т.Ю.

Aircraft Equipment: учебное пособие / Т.Ю.Портнова. – Иркутск: МГТУ ГА (ИФ), 2013.

Целью пособия является формирование и развитие коммуникативной компетенции будущего инженера-электрика в сфере гражданской авиации. Пособие содержит учебный материал, направленный на развитие навыков работы с литературой по узкому профилю авиационной специальности. Тексты заимствованы из современной английской и американской технической литературы, предназначенной для англоязычных летчиков и инженеров. Такой практикоориентированный характер материала и разработанная система предтекстовых и послетекстовых заданий способствуют развитию способности студента решать профессиональные задачи, использовать иностранный язык для удовлетворения профессиональных потребностей и дальнейшего профессионального самообразования. Пособие содержит иллюстрации, призванные облегчить ориентировку в материале и создать дополнительные стимулы для эффективной работы над ним. Для оптимизации языковой подготовки пособие предусматривает использование следующих компетентностных технологий: развитие критического мышления через чтение и письмо; игровая технология; проблемные дискуссии.

Пособие адаптировано к рабочей программе дисциплины «Иностранный язык» МГТУ ГА (ИФ).

Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании кафедры гуманитарных и социально-политических дисциплин МГТУ ГА (ИФ) протокол № 4/12 от 26 декабря 2012 года.

CLASSIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT
Look at the pictures. What groups of aircraft equipment can you recognize?

Try to say what function each group of equipment has.

Vocabulary

to produce
to supply
to distribute
source
consumer
storage battery
rotary converter
rectifier
flight and navigation instrument
attitude
heading
to warn
pitot-static system

gyroscopic
malfunction
communication
to transmit
to receive
instrument landing system
microwave landing system
distance measuring equipment
automatic direction finder

beacon
flight management system
manual control
input
output

- вырабатывать

- подавать

- распределять

- источник

- потребитель

- аккумуляторная батарея

- ротационный преобразователь

- выпрямитель

- пилотажно-навигационный прибор

- положение самолета в пространстве

- курс

- предупреждать

- система полного и статического давления

- гироскопический

- неисправность, отказ, сбой

- связь

- передавать

- принимать

- система посадки по приборам

- микроволновая система посадки

- дальномерное оборудование

- автоматический радиокомпас (радиопеленгатор)

- маяк

- система управления полетом

- ручное управление

- входной сигнал

- выходной сигнал

Word-building

Ex.1. Fill in the table.

Verb (action)	Noun (actor)	Abstract noun	Participle I	Participle II
to distribute
to receive
to manage
to control
to consume
to supply
to invert
to transform
to rectify

Ex.2. Translate into English.

преобразовывать переменный ток в постоянный, преобразованный ток, преобразователь, преобразующее устройство;
потреблять, потребление (расход), расход топлива, потребленная мощность, потребляющий, потребитель, потребитель электроэнергии;
принимать, принятый сигнал, приемник, приемник радиосигналов, прием, принимающее устройство;
передавать сообщение, передающее устройство, переданная информация, передатчик, передача, линии передач;
производить (вырабатывать) электроэнергию, произведенный сигнал, вырабатываемая мощность, производство, продукция, производитель, система, вырабатывающая электрический ток.

Lexical Exercises
Ex.3. Choose English equivalents.

Приборы – 1) relays; 2) equipment; 3) instruments

Распределять – 1) to produce; 2) to distribute; 3) to supply

Потребители – 1) consumers; 2) sources; 3) sights

Источники – 1) consumers; 2) sources; 3) sights

Связь – 1) identification; 2) depressurisation; 3) communication

Приемопередатчик – 1) transceiver; 2) instrument; 3) raft

Авария – 1) switch-gear; 2) unit; 3) emergency

Разгерметизация – 1) navigation; 2) depressurisation; 3) communication

Принадлежать – 1) to belong; 2) to comprise; 3) to warn

Реле – 1) raft; 2) relays; 3) sight
Ex.4. Match the words and their definitions.

alternating current
inverter
heading
battery
direct current
generator
transformer
pitot-static system
autopilot

A device for converting chemical energy into electrical energy
An automatic ﬂight control system which keeps an aircraft in level ﬂight or on a set course
A device composed of two or more coils, linked by magnetic lines of force, used to transfer energy from one circuit to another
The direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointing during flight
An electrical current that flows in one direction only
An electrical current that constantly changes amplitude and changes polarity at regular intervals
a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number, altitude
A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
A solid-state electronic device that converts D.C. into A.C. current of the proper voltage and frequency to operate A.C. gyro instruments

Ex.5. Match the synonyms.

malfunction
to produce
control
to receive
to transform
energy
life-support

to get
error
power
to generate
to convert
environmental
management

Ex.6. Match the opposites.

source
rectifier
a.c.
generator
to consume
to transmit
automatic
input

to produce
inverter
manual
output
electrical motor
d.c.
consumer
to receive

Ex.7. Match the names of the systems with their acronyms and definitions.

Distance measuring equipment
Automatic direction finder
Microwave landing system
Flight management system
Instrument landing system

Provides pilot and crew with highly accurate and automatic long-range navigation capability
An electronic system used to execute a precision instrument approach procedure
the radio instrument which displays the number of degrees clockwise from the nose of the aircraft to the station being received
A precision instrument approach system operating in the microwave spectrum
A pulse-type electronic navigation system that shows the pilot the number of nautical miles between the aircraft and a ground station or waypoint

Reading

Read the passages of the text and perform the tasks for each.

The aircraft equipment is usually divided into five groups.

THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT of an aircraft produces electrical power, supplies and distributes it among different on-board systems and devices. There are:

- electrical power sources (storage batteries, generators, inverters, transformers);

-electrical power consumers (electrical motors, radio, different lights, electric fuel pumps and other devices).

In modern aircraft the electrical energy can be easily transformed into other kinds of energy (mechanical, thermal, light, chemical). For example, electric motors change the electrical power to mechanical energy. The AC electrical system is the main source for airplane electrical power. Rotary converters and rectifiers are intended for obtaining a high voltage direct current and for converting a.c. into d.c. respectively.

1. Find in the passage the English equivalents for:

Бортовые системы, осветительные устройства, топливные электронасосы, тепловая энергия, основной источник, предназначаются, постоянный ток высокого напряжения, соответственно.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What two main kinds of electrical devices are there?

2) What is the function of rotary converters?

3) What is the function of rectifiers?

3. True or false?

1) The aircraft electrical equipment deals with all kinds of energy.

2) Radio devices can produce electrical power.

3) Light can become electricity and vise-versa.

THE FLIGHT AND NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS (in the cockpit) serve to inform the pilot of the flight parameters (speed, altitude, attitude, heading), engine operation, position of various mechanisms, etc. They warn the pilot of fire, of sudden depressurization of the cabin, critical angle and so on. There are different kinds of instruments: pitot-static instruments, the vacuum system and related instruments, gyroscopic instruments, the magnetic compass. Not only a pilot but also maintenance personnel must understand how each instrument works and recognize when an instrument is malfunctioning.

1. Find in the passage the synonyms to the following words and collocations:

Pilot’s compartment, passengers’ compartment, flyer, height, course, power plant, types, operates, is reporting an error.

2. Answer the questions:

1) One of the functions the flight and navigation instruments perform is warning. What is the other function?

2) Who is responsible to keep the instruments in working order?

3) Why is it very important to recognize that an instrument is malfunctioning?

3. True or false?

1) The flight and navigation instruments are located in the cabin.

2) Flight parameters are data how high, how fast and in what direction the airplane is flying.

3) All flight and navigation instruments indicate some kind of information.

The primary task of THE RADIO EQUIPMENT is to provide communication. The pilot must transmit and receive messages during take-off, flight and landing. He must have radio communication with control towers and with other airplanes. Besides, there is an Intercom system which provides communication inside the airplane. Radio is also a means of navigation. The radio equipment includes instrument landing system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), distance measuring equipment (DME), automatic direction finder (ADF), onboard and airport radar systems, beacons and other equipment.

1. Find in the passage the words definitions of which are given.

1) original, main (adj)

2) a short communication sent from one person to another (n)

3) the first phase of flight when an airplane rises into the air (n)

4) a place at an airport from which air traffic is monitored (n)

5) carried or used by an aircraft (adj)

2. Answer the questions:

1) Why is it impossible to fly an airplane without radio equipment?

2) What does air-to-air, air-to-ground and intercommunication mean?

3) What onboard radio systems do you know?

3. True or false?

1) The “Intercom” is an acronym of “Intercomputer”.

2) The pilot needs communication during all portions of the flight.

3) By means of radio the pilot can know the direction of flight.

THE AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT ensures automatic flight and engine operation contro1. Automatic units are essentially cybernetic systems making use of digital computers. Autopilot software, which is integrated with the navigation systems, is capable of providing control of the aircraft throughout each phase of flight. At any stage of the flight, the pilot can intervene by making appropriate inputs to the autopilot or the FMS. In an emergency, the pilot can override the autopilot and take over manual control.

1. Find in the passage:

1) English equivalents to “обеспечивать” and “этап полета” (two for each)

2) an opposite to “automatic”

3) an opposite to “output”
2. Answer the questions:

1) What does the FMS stand for?

2) What is the function of the autopilot?

3) Can the pilot influence the autopilot operation?

3. True or false?

1) If an accident happens, the pilot can’t disable the autopilot.

2) The autopilot operates independently from other aircraft systems.

3) Manual means controlled by a person (not by a computer).

The aircraft life-support systems are intended to create normal physiological conditions for aircrew members' and passengers’ vital activities at high altitudes, at sudden cabin depressurization, at emergency. This group of aircraft equipment includes oxygen-breathing equipment, ventilation system, ejection seats, pressure suits, life jackets, pneumatic boats and rafts, emergency rations, food and water containers, first-aid kits, etc.

1. Translate all items this group of the equipment includes.

2. Answer the questions:

1) What are normal physiological conditions in your opinion?

2) In what situations normal physiological conditions change to abnormal?

3. True or false?

1) The aircraft life-support systems help people stay alive at emergency.

2) Only passenger planes must be provided with the life-support systems.

4. Choose the devices which do not belong to the given group of aircraft equipment. Mind the model.

Model:

Electrical equipment:

wiring, life jackets, switch-gear, relays

Life jackets do not belong to the electrical equipment.

Electrical equipment:

storage battery, generators, wiring, radar stations, electrical motors

Life-support systems:

Pressure suits, life jackets, cybernetic systems, first-aid kits, ejection seats

Automatic equipment:

Radio communication devices, cybernetic systems, pressure suits

Radio equipment:

Transceivers, instrument landing system, radio navigation devices, electrical motors
5. Translate into English.

Существует пять групп авиационного оборудования.

Электрическое оборудование вырабатывает и распределяет электроэнергию.

Есть источники и потребители электроэнергии.

Пилотажно-навигационные приборы показывают параметры полета и предупреждают экипаж об опасности.

Автоматическое оборудование обеспечивает автоматическое управление самолетом.

Радиооборудование обеспечивает связь и навигацию.

Системы жизнеобеспечения создают нормальные физиологические условия для экипажа и пассажиров.
6. Discussion. Choose a group of aircraft equipment. Prove its importance for aircraft functioning.
TEXTS FOR ANNOTATION
Pressurization & Air-Conditioning

Air for cabin pressurization and environmental control is provided by engine or APU bleed air. The hot, compressed air passes through a pre-cooler and then flows to the air-conditioning packs in the belly of the aircraft. Cooled further by a heat exchanger and an air cycle machine, the conditioned air is routed to the cockpit and cabin. Cockpit controls and digital readouts allow the flight crew to mix conditioned air and hot bleed air to provide the required temperature. The flight attendants, using controls on their cabin control panels, can further fine-tune the cabin temperature. The air distribution system within the cabin is designed to prevent drafts and is baffled to cut down on cabin noise, a point that has earned the A340 the title of the "Quietest Cabin in the Sky."

Dual Cabin Pressurization Controller (CPC) computers provide fully automatic pressurization scheduling. Manual control of the system, in case of a dual CPC failure, can be maintained with controls on the overhead CABIN PRESS panel.
Cockpit Displays

As with other modern jet transports, the A340 is equipped with an Electronic Flight Instrumentation System (EFIS). Two Primary Flight Display (PFD), two Navigation Displays (ND), and two Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) screens provide the pilots with full time flight guidance, navigation, and system advisory information throughout all phases of flight.

The PFDs combine several flight instruments into one color display. The flight director, instrument approach guidance, altitude, heading, and airspeed information are displayed, as well as normal pitch and bank data.

Two ECAM screens occupy the center instrument panel. The upper screen serves as the Engine/Warning Display (E/WD), and is divided into three sections. The main section contains graphical engine symbology for Nl, EGT, N2, and fuel flow. Fuel on board and the flaps/slats position is also displayed. Under the E/WD is the System Display (SD). Programmed logic in the screen switching software allows this screen to automatically switch when the phase of flight changes, or when the crew selects a page on the ECAM control panel. If a system failure occurs, the crew is notified via an aural and visual warning, and the corresponding screen is displayed with a title describing the failure, and a checklist to rectify the situation or secure the system. Operational status is then displayed to inform the crew of inoperative systems and flight limitations.

Aircraft Electrical System

Word-building

Ex.1. Make up verbs with the suffix –ize.

minimum

maximum

optimal

crystal

private

energy

centre

character

Ex.2. Read and translate the nouns. What verbs are they derived from?

reduction

transmission

solution

provision

loss

induction

Lexical Exercises

Ex.3. Match the synonyms.

compromise
insufficient
vast
vital
redundant
drawback

inadequate
limitation
tradeoff
additional
important
big

Ex.4. Match the opposites.

advantage
complex
primary
continue
otherwise
the same

stop
drawback
in this case
redundant
different
simple

Ex.5. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

alternator
ram air turbine
environmental systems
auxiliary power unit
lighting
power grid

турбина с приводом скоростным напором
осветительное оборудование
системы жизнеобеспечения
энергосистема
генератор переменного тока
вспомогательная силовая установка

Ex.6. Look at the first part of the text. Choose a proper definition to each of bold-typed word-combinations.

the instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft that provide the pilot with information about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as height, speed and altitude;
a mechanical device for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current;
a kitchen or an area with kitchen facilities in a plane;
a period in history associated with the appearance of jet airliners;
entertainment available to aircraft passengers during a flight: movies, music, TV shows and more on demand;
aircraft radio and electronic equipment;
equipment providing normal physiological conditions for the crew and passengers.

Grammar exercises

Ex.7. Translate the sentences. Remember that conjunction “since” should be translated as “так как, поскольку”.

Aircraft design is a series of compromises since engineers must make tradeoffs between optimum solutions that may conflict with one another.
Since saving weight is so important to reducing the costs of an airplane, the use of smaller and lighter 400 Hz electrical generators is a significant advantage over 60 Hz electrical systems.
This benefit is important aboard aircraft since space is always limited, and it is imperative to minimize weight in order to maximize performance.
The earliest planes had no need for electrical power since they carried no devices that required it.
These power losses are much less significant since transmission distances aboard an airplane are very small.

Ex.8. Make up degrees of comparison for the following adjectives.

Small, light, early, complex, few, little, economical, significant
Reading

Aircraft Electrical System. General Information.

1. Look through the text and think of a suitable heading for each part.

1) Aircraft design is a series of compromises since engineers must make tradeoffs between optimum solutions that may conflict with one another. The electrical system on an airplane is a good example of just such a tradeoff. The advantage of running an electrical system at 400 Hz rather than 60 Hz is that the power supplies are smaller and lighter. This benefit is important aboard aircraft since space is always limited, and it is imperative to minimize weight in order to maximize performance.

The earliest planes had no need for electrical power since they carried no devices that required it. That began to change by the 1920s when planes routinely carried radios and navigation devices powered by direct current batteries. Later advances led to the development of small generators that supply DC power, typically at 28 volts. Only small general aviation aircraft tend to use DC electrical systems today.

By the beginning of the jet age, aircraft were becoming increasingly more complex and operated a vast array of electrical devices. Commercial airliners must provide power for environmental systems, galley equipment, cockpit displays, communication gear, weather radar, and in-flight entertainment systems. DC power supplies are insufficient to meet the demands for electricity to operate flight instruments, actuators, heating equipment, avionics, and internal/external lighting on these large aircraft. These planes instead use alternating current (AC) systems that usually supply 115 volts at 400 hertz.
2) Aircraft are equipped with a number of power generation systems including both primary and redundant systems to continue supplying power to vital equipment in an emergency. Primary power is usually provided by AC generators directly connected to the jet engines. Commercial aircraft and many military planes are also equipped with an auxiliary power unit (APU), which is essentially a miniature jet engine that provides an additional power source. The APU is always in operation to supplement the primary power supply or replace it in case of engine failure. If the APU also fails, many aircraft carry an additional ram air turbine (RAT) that can be deployed when needed to provide emergency power. The purpose of a RAT is to keep vital systems operating long enough to land safely.

These generators provide AC power using an alternator that supplies 115 volts at 400 Hz frequency. The advantage of high-frequency alternators is that they require fewer copper coils in order to generate the necessary electrical current. This reduction in material allows the alternator to become much smaller such that it takes up less space and weighs much less than it would otherwise.

A common rule of thumb in airplane design says that removing one pound of weight can actually reduce the overall weight by at least five pounds because of all the extra structure and fuel that is no longer needed to carry that pound over the range of the plane. This reduction in weight means the plane needs less fuel to travel the same distance so that the aircraft is more economical to operate. Since saving weight is so important to reducing the costs of an airplane, the use of smaller and lighter 400 Hz electrical generators is a significant advantage over 60 Hz electrical systems.
3) The drawback of operating at 400 Hz is that high frequency systems are more likely to suffer voltage drops. The most significant of these losses results from reactive drops. Reactive drops are caused by the inductive properties of the conducting cables or wires through which the electrical current is transmitted. This type of loss is affected both by the length of the conductor as well as the frequency of the power flowing through it. The higher the frequency gets, the larger the voltage drop becomes. At a high frequency of 400 Hz, reactive drops can be as much as seven times larger than at a low frequency of 60 Hz.

This difference in operating characteristics helps explain why the US power grid operates at 60 Hz rather than the 400 Hz systems used aboard aircraft. A lower frequency reduces losses over long distances, like those between a power plant and your home or office. The transmission distances aboard an airplane are very small by comparison, so the power losses are much less significant compared to the reduction in weight of the generation equipment.

Finally, running a piece of 400 Hz equipment on a 60 Hz electrical system is not advised since it will damage the device. If the same voltage is supplied to the 400 Hz device as to a 60 Hz item, it will cause the metal in the 400 Hz unit to overheat. The end result will almost surely be smoke and possibly a fire. This problem can usually be avoided, however, simply by reducing the voltage supplied to the device. A reduction in voltage to 15% of its original value at the same current will allow most 400 Hz devices to operate safely on a 60 Hz electrical system.
2. Find in the text:

a) three ways how running an electrical system at 400 Hz rather than 60 Hz reduces aircraft weight.

b) three disadvantages of operating at 400 Hz compared to 60 Hz.

c) acronym and definition of auxiliary power unit.
3. Read the text thoroughly. Find information to speak on:

development of aircraft systems;
power generation systems;
reactive drops.

4. Answer the questions.

1) Why is the electrical system on an airplane a good example of finding a compromise between engineering solutions?

2) Why is weight of great importance for aircraft design?

3) Why is DC power unable to meet the demands for electricity onboard?

4) How can the energy be supplied to the vital consumers in the case of emergency? (three opportunities)

Aircraft Electrical System

Vocabulary

alternator
master switch
bus bar
fuse
circuit breaker
voltage regulator
wiring
store
ignition system
fuel gauge
protect
overload
starting

генератор переменного тока
главный выключатель
шина
плавкий предохранитель
автомат защиты сети (АЗС)
регулятор напряжения
проводка
накапливать
система зажигания
топливомер
предохранять
перегрузка
запуск

Word-building

Ex.1. Fill in the table.

adjective	verb	noun
simple	simplify	simplification
false
clear
pure
intense
identical

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