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ИРКУТСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ АВИАЦИИ» (МГТУ ГА) Кафедра Гуманитарных и социально-политических дисциплин (ГСПД) Портнова Т.Ю. Aircraft Equipment Пособие по английскому языку для студентов II курса (cпециальность 162500) Иркутск 2013 Рецензент: к.ф.л.н., Ставина Н.А. Портнова Т.Ю. Aircraft Equipment: учебное пособие / Т.Ю.Портнова. – Иркутск: МГТУ ГА (ИФ), 2013. Целью пособия является формирование и развитие коммуникативной компетенции будущего инженера-электрика в сфере гражданской авиации. Пособие содержит учебный материал, направленный на развитие навыков работы с литературой по узкому профилю авиационной специальности. Тексты заимствованы из современной английской и американской технической литературы, предназначенной для англоязычных летчиков и инженеров. Такой практикоориентированный характер материала и разработанная система предтекстовых и послетекстовых заданий способствуют развитию способности студента решать профессиональные задачи, использовать иностранный язык для удовлетворения профессиональных потребностей и дальнейшего профессионального самообразования. Пособие содержит иллюстрации, призванные облегчить ориентировку в материале и создать дополнительные стимулы для эффективной работы над ним. Для оптимизации языковой подготовки пособие предусматривает использование следующих компетентностных технологий: развитие критического мышления через чтение и письмо; игровая технология; проблемные дискуссии. Пособие адаптировано к рабочей программе дисциплины «Иностранный язык» МГТУ ГА (ИФ). Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании кафедры гуманитарных и социально-политических дисциплин МГТУ ГА (ИФ) протокол № 4/12 от 26 декабря 2012 года. CLASSIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Look at the pictures. What groups of aircraft equipment can you recognize? Try to say what function each group of equipment has. Vocabulary
Word-building Ex.1. Fill in the table.
Ex.2. Translate into English.
Lexical Exercises Ex.3. Choose English equivalents. Приборы – 1) relays; 2) equipment; 3) instruments Распределять – 1) to produce; 2) to distribute; 3) to supply Потребители – 1) consumers; 2) sources; 3) sights Источники – 1) consumers; 2) sources; 3) sights Связь – 1) identification; 2) depressurisation; 3) communication Приемопередатчик – 1) transceiver; 2) instrument; 3) raft Авария – 1) switch-gear; 2) unit; 3) emergency Разгерметизация – 1) navigation; 2) depressurisation; 3) communication Принадлежать – 1) to belong; 2) to comprise; 3) to warn Реле – 1) raft; 2) relays; 3) sight Ex.4. Match the words and their definitions.
Ex.5. Match the synonyms.
Ex.6. Match the opposites.
Ex.7. Match the names of the systems with their acronyms and definitions.
Reading Read the passages of the text and perform the tasks for each.
1. Find in the passage the English equivalents for: Бортовые системы, осветительные устройства, топливные электронасосы, тепловая энергия, основной источник, предназначаются, постоянный ток высокого напряжения, соответственно. 2. Answer the questions: 1) What two main kinds of electrical devices are there? 2) What is the function of rotary converters? 3) What is the function of rectifiers? 3. True or false? 1) The aircraft electrical equipment deals with all kinds of energy. 2) Radio devices can produce electrical power. 3) Light can become electricity and vise-versa.
1. Find in the passage the synonyms to the following words and collocations: Pilot’s compartment, passengers’ compartment, flyer, height, course, power plant, types, operates, is reporting an error. 2. Answer the questions: 1) One of the functions the flight and navigation instruments perform is warning. What is the other function? 2) Who is responsible to keep the instruments in working order? 3) Why is it very important to recognize that an instrument is malfunctioning? 3. True or false? 1) The flight and navigation instruments are located in the cabin. 2) Flight parameters are data how high, how fast and in what direction the airplane is flying. 3) All flight and navigation instruments indicate some kind of information.
1. Find in the passage the words definitions of which are given. 1) original, main (adj) 2) a short communication sent from one person to another (n) 3) the first phase of flight when an airplane rises into the air (n) 4) a place at an airport from which air traffic is monitored (n) 5) carried or used by an aircraft (adj) 2. Answer the questions: 1) Why is it impossible to fly an airplane without radio equipment? 2) What does air-to-air, air-to-ground and intercommunication mean? 3) What onboard radio systems do you know? 3. True or false? 1) The “Intercom” is an acronym of “Intercomputer”. 2) The pilot needs communication during all portions of the flight. 3) By means of radio the pilot can know the direction of flight.
1. Find in the passage: 1) English equivalents to “обеспечивать” and “этап полета” (two for each) 2) an opposite to “automatic” 3) an opposite to “output” 2. Answer the questions: 1) What does the FMS stand for? 2) What is the function of the autopilot? 3) Can the pilot influence the autopilot operation? 3. True or false? 1) If an accident happens, the pilot can’t disable the autopilot. 2) The autopilot operates independently from other aircraft systems. 3) Manual means controlled by a person (not by a computer).
1. Translate all items this group of the equipment includes. 2. Answer the questions: 1) What are normal physiological conditions in your opinion? 2) In what situations normal physiological conditions change to abnormal? 3. True or false? 1) The aircraft life-support systems help people stay alive at emergency. 2) Only passenger planes must be provided with the life-support systems. 4. Choose the devices which do not belong to the given group of aircraft equipment. Mind the model. Model: Electrical equipment: wiring, life jackets, switch-gear, relays Life jackets do not belong to the electrical equipment.
storage battery, generators, wiring, radar stations, electrical motors
Pressure suits, life jackets, cybernetic systems, first-aid kits, ejection seats
Radio communication devices, cybernetic systems, pressure suits
Transceivers, instrument landing system, radio navigation devices, electrical motors 5. Translate into English. Существует пять групп авиационного оборудования. Электрическое оборудование вырабатывает и распределяет электроэнергию. Есть источники и потребители электроэнергии. Пилотажно-навигационные приборы показывают параметры полета и предупреждают экипаж об опасности. Автоматическое оборудование обеспечивает автоматическое управление самолетом. Радиооборудование обеспечивает связь и навигацию. Системы жизнеобеспечения создают нормальные физиологические условия для экипажа и пассажиров. 6. Discussion. Choose a group of aircraft equipment. Prove its importance for aircraft functioning. TEXTS FOR ANNOTATION Pressurization & Air-Conditioning Air for cabin pressurization and environmental control is provided by engine or APU bleed air. The hot, compressed air passes through a pre-cooler and then flows to the air-conditioning packs in the belly of the aircraft. Cooled further by a heat exchanger and an air cycle machine, the conditioned air is routed to the cockpit and cabin. Cockpit controls and digital readouts allow the flight crew to mix conditioned air and hot bleed air to provide the required temperature. The flight attendants, using controls on their cabin control panels, can further fine-tune the cabin temperature. The air distribution system within the cabin is designed to prevent drafts and is baffled to cut down on cabin noise, a point that has earned the A340 the title of the "Quietest Cabin in the Sky." Dual Cabin Pressurization Controller (CPC) computers provide fully automatic pressurization scheduling. Manual control of the system, in case of a dual CPC failure, can be maintained with controls on the overhead CABIN PRESS panel. Cockpit Displays As with other modern jet transports, the A340 is equipped with an Electronic Flight Instrumentation System (EFIS). Two Primary Flight Display (PFD), two Navigation Displays (ND), and two Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) screens provide the pilots with full time flight guidance, navigation, and system advisory information throughout all phases of flight. The PFDs combine several flight instruments into one color display. The flight director, instrument approach guidance, altitude, heading, and airspeed information are displayed, as well as normal pitch and bank data. Two ECAM screens occupy the center instrument panel. The upper screen serves as the Engine/Warning Display (E/WD), and is divided into three sections. The main section contains graphical engine symbology for Nl, EGT, N2, and fuel flow. Fuel on board and the flaps/slats position is also displayed. Under the E/WD is the System Display (SD). Programmed logic in the screen switching software allows this screen to automatically switch when the phase of flight changes, or when the crew selects a page on the ECAM control panel. If a system failure occurs, the crew is notified via an aural and visual warning, and the corresponding screen is displayed with a title describing the failure, and a checklist to rectify the situation or secure the system. Operational status is then displayed to inform the crew of inoperative systems and flight limitations. Aircraft Electrical System Word-building Ex.1. Make up verbs with the suffix –ize.
Ex.2. Read and translate the nouns. What verbs are they derived from?
Lexical Exercises Ex.3. Match the synonyms.
Ex.4. Match the opposites.
Ex.5. Match the English and Russian equivalents.
Ex.6. Look at the first part of the text. Choose a proper definition to each of bold-typed word-combinations.
Grammar exercises Ex.7. Translate the sentences. Remember that conjunction “since” should be translated as “так как, поскольку”.
Ex.8. Make up degrees of comparison for the following adjectives. Small, light, early, complex, few, little, economical, significant Reading Aircraft Electrical System. General Information. 1. Look through the text and think of a suitable heading for each part. 1) Aircraft design is a series of compromises since engineers must make tradeoffs between optimum solutions that may conflict with one another. The electrical system on an airplane is a good example of just such a tradeoff. The advantage of running an electrical system at 400 Hz rather than 60 Hz is that the power supplies are smaller and lighter. This benefit is important aboard aircraft since space is always limited, and it is imperative to minimize weight in order to maximize performance. The earliest planes had no need for electrical power since they carried no devices that required it. That began to change by the 1920s when planes routinely carried radios and navigation devices powered by direct current batteries. Later advances led to the development of small generators that supply DC power, typically at 28 volts. Only small general aviation aircraft tend to use DC electrical systems today. By the beginning of the jet age, aircraft were becoming increasingly more complex and operated a vast array of electrical devices. Commercial airliners must provide power for environmental systems, galley equipment, cockpit displays, communication gear, weather radar, and in-flight entertainment systems. DC power supplies are insufficient to meet the demands for electricity to operate flight instruments, actuators, heating equipment, avionics, and internal/external lighting on these large aircraft. These planes instead use alternating current (AC) systems that usually supply 115 volts at 400 hertz. 2) Aircraft are equipped with a number of power generation systems including both primary and redundant systems to continue supplying power to vital equipment in an emergency. Primary power is usually provided by AC generators directly connected to the jet engines. Commercial aircraft and many military planes are also equipped with an auxiliary power unit (APU), which is essentially a miniature jet engine that provides an additional power source. The APU is always in operation to supplement the primary power supply or replace it in case of engine failure. If the APU also fails, many aircraft carry an additional ram air turbine (RAT) that can be deployed when needed to provide emergency power. The purpose of a RAT is to keep vital systems operating long enough to land safely. These generators provide AC power using an alternator that supplies 115 volts at 400 Hz frequency. The advantage of high-frequency alternators is that they require fewer copper coils in order to generate the necessary electrical current. This reduction in material allows the alternator to become much smaller such that it takes up less space and weighs much less than it would otherwise. A common rule of thumb in airplane design says that removing one pound of weight can actually reduce the overall weight by at least five pounds because of all the extra structure and fuel that is no longer needed to carry that pound over the range of the plane. This reduction in weight means the plane needs less fuel to travel the same distance so that the aircraft is more economical to operate. Since saving weight is so important to reducing the costs of an airplane, the use of smaller and lighter 400 Hz electrical generators is a significant advantage over 60 Hz electrical systems. 3) The drawback of operating at 400 Hz is that high frequency systems are more likely to suffer voltage drops. The most significant of these losses results from reactive drops. Reactive drops are caused by the inductive properties of the conducting cables or wires through which the electrical current is transmitted. This type of loss is affected both by the length of the conductor as well as the frequency of the power flowing through it. The higher the frequency gets, the larger the voltage drop becomes. At a high frequency of 400 Hz, reactive drops can be as much as seven times larger than at a low frequency of 60 Hz. This difference in operating characteristics helps explain why the US power grid operates at 60 Hz rather than the 400 Hz systems used aboard aircraft. A lower frequency reduces losses over long distances, like those between a power plant and your home or office. The transmission distances aboard an airplane are very small by comparison, so the power losses are much less significant compared to the reduction in weight of the generation equipment. Finally, running a piece of 400 Hz equipment on a 60 Hz electrical system is not advised since it will damage the device. If the same voltage is supplied to the 400 Hz device as to a 60 Hz item, it will cause the metal in the 400 Hz unit to overheat. The end result will almost surely be smoke and possibly a fire. This problem can usually be avoided, however, simply by reducing the voltage supplied to the device. A reduction in voltage to 15% of its original value at the same current will allow most 400 Hz devices to operate safely on a 60 Hz electrical system. 2. Find in the text: a) three ways how running an electrical system at 400 Hz rather than 60 Hz reduces aircraft weight. b) three disadvantages of operating at 400 Hz compared to 60 Hz. c) acronym and definition of auxiliary power unit. 3. Read the text thoroughly. Find information to speak on:
4. Answer the questions. 1) Why is the electrical system on an airplane a good example of finding a compromise between engineering solutions? 2) Why is weight of great importance for aircraft design? 3) Why is DC power unable to meet the demands for electricity onboard? 4) How can the energy be supplied to the vital consumers in the case of emergency? (three opportunities) Aircraft Electrical System Vocabulary
Word-building Ex.1. Fill in the table.
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