Step I

(По материалам еженедельника Мир новостей, январь 2007 г.)
b) Choose the most appropriate English words/phrases corresponding to the highlighted Russian ones. (More than one word/phrase may be right.)

(1) сокращаться (to reduce / to decline / to shrink);

(2) специалист (specialist / expert / authority); проложить мореходные пути (to follow sea-routes / to lay sea-routes / to create sea-routes)

(3) накапливаться (to store / to accumulate / to amass) парниковые газы (greenhouse gases / heat-trapping gases / hothouse gases); водяной пар (steam / vapour / smoke)

(4) увеличение солнечной активности (greater solar activity / increase in solar activity / the rise of solar activity);

(6) проливные дожди (downpours / heavy rains / showers); остаться без крова (to become homeless / to live without shelter / to be left roofless); беженцы (refugees / exiles / runaways); таяние ледников (glacial melting / ice warming / ice melting); питьевая вода (still water / fresh water / drinking water);

(7) оттаивать (to melt / to thaw / to fade); высвобождение (release / emission / disengagement); осадки (rainfall / sediment / precipitation)

(8) природные катаклизмы (natural calamities / natural catastrophes / natural disasters)
c) Answer the teacher’s questions.

HOME ACTIVITIES (2)
10. Give a brief summary of the article (see exercise 8) in English using the suggested key words and phrases:
1. Introduction:

• 
  The article deals with... / the article covers the subject (the problems) of...
  

the Arctic ice-cap; to shrink; to sail across
2. Main body of the report:

The ... suggest / claim that...

to be caused by; global warming; there is more and more evidence that...;clogged with ice; to be free of ice;

The article goes on to say that...

to be attributed to; greenhouse effect; heat-trapping gases; vapour; volcano eruptions; magnetic field of the planet; hypotheses;

According to... / It is pointed out that...

The Northern Hemisphere; the Mediterranean coast; beaches; fjord; to lie at sea level; global sea levels; land / to be flooded; shortage of drinking water; soot; animals / to perish
3. Conclusion:

In conclusion / Finally, the writer wonders if...

to prevent; natural calamities
11. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb.

Arctic Thaw Melts Away Old Habits in Far North

Freed by warming, waters once _______________ (1 – to lock) beneath the ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle. In Bykovsky, a village on Russia’s northeast coast, the shoreline ____________________ (2 – to collapse), ________________ (3 – to creep) closer and closer to houses and tanks of _______________ (4 – to heat) oil, at a rate of 4.6 to 5.5 meters a year. Eventually, homes _________________ (5 – to lose), and maybe all of Bykovsky, too, under ever-longer periods of assault by open water. “It ______________ (6 – to eat up) the land,” said Innokenty Koryakin, a member of the Evenk tribe and the captain of the fishing boat. Fyodor Sellyakhov, a native Yakut, adds, “The sea _________________ (7 – to wash down) the coast every year. It is practically all ice – permafrost – and it _____

_____________ (8 – to thaw).”

Scientists say that the __________________ (9 – to shrink) sea ice over the next century is inevitable and that humans need to adapt. For the four million people who live north of the Arctic Circle, in remote outposts and industrial centers, a _______________ (10 – to change) climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture.

A push _________________ (11 – to develop) the North, _______________ (12 – to quicken) by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas __________________ (13 – to raise) fears of catastrophic accidents as ships _______________ (14 – to load) with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, _______________ (15 – to head) to markets in Europe and North America. Land that ___________________ (16 – negative prefix /to touch) could be tainted by pollution.

Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, ________________ (17 – to force) the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit villages at a __________________ (18 – to project) cost of $100 million or more for each one. Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of _________________ (19 – to live) in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife.

155,000 Inuit scattered across Canada, Greenland, Russia and the United States ________________ (20 – to try) to balance tradition with the inevitable changes that are sweeping their lands. Their leaders claim that the United States, by __________________ (21 – to reject) a treaty requiring other industrial countries ________________ (22 – to cut) emissions linked to warming, is willfully threatening the Inuit’s right to exist. But some Inuit ask, how can they push countries _______________ (23 – to stem) global warming when the Inuit’s own prosperity is often tied to revenues from oil and gas, which are sources of greenhouse gases when burnt? “It’s how we do business that’s more important,” said Sheila Watt-Cloutier, the chairwoman of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. “There are more environmentally friendly ways in which we can do development and still live in a certain way, with a way of life and business that can balance both.”

While it is the people of the Arctic who ____________________ (24 – to feel) the melt and the rush for development most directly, the world, too, will have to give up something – its _______________ (25 – to treasure) notion of the Far North as a place of wilderness, simplicity and unspoiled cultures.

(After The New York Times, 2005.)
b) Write five questions to the text of the exercise.

Step II

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (3)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Modal Verbs with Suppositional Meaning

May / Might
doubt возможно, может быть	1. She may (might) be 30 but I’m not sure. – Возможно (может быть), ей сейчас 30 лет, но я не уверен. 2. They may (might) be working but I'm not sure. – Возможно (может быть), они сейчас работают (в момент речи), но я не уверен. 3. She may (might) have been 30 when I last saw her (but I’m not sure). – Возможно (может быть), ей было 30 лет, когда я видел ее в последний раз (но я не уверен). 4. They may (might) have been working since morning (but I'm not sure). – Возможно (может быть), они работают с утра (но я не уверен).
Can / Could
strong doubt неужели	1. Can (could) she be 30? She doesn’t look it. – Неужели ей (сейчас) 30 лет? Она не выглядит на свой возраст. 2. Can (could) they be working now? It’s so late. – Неужели они сейчас(в момент речи) работают? Уже так поздно. 3. Can (could) she have been 30 when we last saw her? She didn’t look it. – Неужели ей было 30 лет, когда мы видели ее в последний раз? Она не выглядела на свой возраст. 4. Can (could) they have been working since morning? – Неужели они работают с утра?
very strong doubt не может быть, чтобы	1. She can't (couldn't) be 30! She has just graduated from college. – Не может быть, чтобы ей было (сейчас) 30 лет! Она только что окончила колледж. 2. They can’t (couldn't) be working now. The office is closed. – Не может быть, чтобы они сейчас работали. Офис закрыт. 3. She can’t (couldn't) have been 30 when we last saw her. She had just graduated from college. – Не может быть, чтобы ей было 30 лет, когда мы видели ее в последний раз. Она в то время только что окончила колледж. 4. They can’t (couldn't) have been working since morning. They only came to the office at midday. – Не может быть, чтобы они работали с самого утра. Они пришли на работу только в середине дня.
Must
near certainty должно быть, вероятно, скорее всего	1. She must be 30, I’m almost sure. – Ей сейчас, скорее всего, 30 лет, я почти уверен. 2. They must be working now, there is light on in the office. – Они, должно быть, сейчас работают (в момент речи), в кабинете горит свет. 3. She must have been 22 when I last saw her. She had just graduated from college. –Ей, вероятно, было 22 года, когда я видел ее в последний раз. Она только что окончила колледж. 4. They must have been working since morning. They have almost finished the report. – Они, должно быть, работают с утра. Они почти закончили отчет.

12. a) Read and find modal verbs. 

wetlands – low land that is often covered with water from the lake, river,

or sea next to it

game – wild animals, birds and fish that people hunt, usually for food
Should the Sport of Hunting be Completely Banned?

The sport of hunting must have been one of the most heatedly debated topics in England since the early 20^th century. Animal rights activists stress the cruelty of killing animals for sport, whereas hunters argue that it can’t have any negative effects in the natural environment. It may be true because legally allowing hunting during particular times of the year prevents overpopulation of certain species. Moreover, hunters’ groups and clubs actually protect endangered species by financially supporting the preservation of wetlands, which gives the animals the chance to breed and let their offspring reach adulthood, thus resisting the threat of extinction.

Opponents of this view argue that it is an aggressive, cruel, pointless activity; it may have been vital for man’s survival many years ago, but now such a need does not exist.

All things considered, before deciding to completely ban hunting, one must take into account the positive aspects of organized, controlled and legal hunting. In addition to the pleasure hunters enjoy when tracking game in the great outdoors, conscientious hunting could actually be doing nature some good.

(After Virginia Evans – Jenny Doodley, Mission, 2000.)
b) Answer the teacher’s questions.

13. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. Comment on the forms of modal verbs.

1. The company must have expected a sharp shrinkage in profits. 2. Could the company be planning to expand their activities in South America? 3. Many buildings and roads must have been damaged in the earthquake. 4. He can’t have been engaged in political activities without the manager’s permission. 5. Increased emissions must have had a damaging effect on the environment in that part of the country. 6. Could you have believed his story about the fabulous kingdom? 7. The indigenous people might have left the island centuries ago. Still there is little evidence to prove the hypothesis. 8. He must have been speaking with a hideous accent, even some of his countrymen failed to understand him. 9. This air-conditioning equipment can’t be too wasteful and expensive. Most offices in the area have already installed it.
14. Paraphrase using modal verbs.

Model 1: T – John doesn’t answer the phone. Perhaps he is very busy.

St – John doesn’t answer the phone. He may be very busy.
T – Perhaps Sarah is still working.

St – Sarah may still be working.
Model 2: T – Perhaps she has left office.

St – She may have left office.

T – Perhaps Diane has been working hard lately.

St – Diane may have been working hard lately.
Model 3: T – We are sure that the Lockhearts are on holiday.

St – The Lockhearts must be on holiday.
T – We are sure that the Lockhearts are holiday-making.

St – The Lockhearts must be holiday-making.
Model 4: T – I am sure the Lockhearts have gone on holiday.

St – The Lockhearts must have gone on holiday.
T – I am sure the Lockhearts have been holiday-making for over a week already.

St – The Lockhearts must have been holiday-making for

over a week already.

15. Express surprise and disbelief, add a sentence logically connected to support your opinion.
Model 1: T – The film is said to be very popular.

St-1 – Can the film be so (very) popular? I personally didn’t like it at all.

St-2 – The film can’t be very popular. Most of my friends find it boring.


Model 2: T – They say they covered 100 miles on foot yesterday.

St-1 – Can they have covered 100 miles on foot? They must be fooling you.

St-2 – They can’t have covered 100 miles on foot. It’s

humanly impossible.

16. Develop the situations using must and can and the words suggested in brackets.

Model: – The doorbell rang, but I didn’t hear it. (I / to listen to

music)

• 
  The doorbell rang, but I didn’t hear it. I must have been listening to music.
  

1. The computer you bought is very up-to-date. (it / very expensive). 2. I haven’t seen my next door neighbours for over a week. (they / to go on holiday). 3. The policeman has been walking behind us for the last fifteen minutes. (he / to follow)? 4. My Dad can’t find his gloves. (he / to leave / in the office / yesterday). 5. As I went out, I saw a man standing outside the pub. (he / to wait for sb). 6. The Huxleys haven’t lived here for very long. (they / to know many people in the neighbourhood). 7. Mary didn’t attend classes last week. (she / to be ill). 8. Mike’s new car is very fast. (it / cheap).

HOME ACTIVITIES (3)
17. a) Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the Verb.

Scientists warn that half of Greenland and vast areas of Antarctic _________________ (1 – to destine) to melt if global warming __________________ (2 – to continue) at the same pace until the end of the century. Climate scientists looked back in history _______________ (3 – to find) a time when sea levels were higher that they are today. They identified a period when glacial melting _______________ (4 – to increase) sea levels by several metres. They used a computer model of the environment ______________ (5 – to work out) how warm the world ________________ (6 – modal / to be) to trigger the mass melting and concluded that the Earth __________ (7 – to be) between 3º C and 5º C warmer than it is today. ________________ (8 – to use) the same model, the scientists spun the clock forward ____________ (9 – to see) when climate change is likely ______________ (10 – to make) the world as warm again. That level of warming _________________ (11 – to come) unless we act on carbon emissions. An Arctic warming of 3º C to 5º C is enough _____________ (12 – to cause) four to six meters of sea level rise. A one-metre rise in sea level would see the Maldives ______________ (13 – to disappear), make most of Bangladesh uninhabitable and put cities such as New Orleans ‘out of business’.
b) Translate into English.

1. Ученые уже давно предупреждают, что в результате глобального потепления может измениться климат нашей планеты. Климатические изменения могут нанести серьезный ущерб не только отдаленным островам в Тихом океане, но и большой части Европы. В результате таяния арктических льдов значительно поднимется уровень мирового океана. Это, скорее всего, повлечет за собой затопление значительной части суши. Некоторые эксперты предсказывают, что с лица земли могут исчезнуть некоторые европейские города и даже страны.

2. Считается, что таяние вечной мерзлоты разрушит среду обитания и привычный образ жизни народов Севера. Этот процесс может привести к разрушению строений, дорог и трубопроводов.
18. Complete the sentences with the proper modal verbs and the appropriate forms of the verb.

1. There was no reply when I rang him. He ____________________ (to leave) the office already. 2. Jess ________________________ (to tell) about it on the phone last night but I really can’t remember. 3. Harry looks exhausted. He _____________________ (to work) since morning. 4. Keith ______________________ (to get) your e-mail. He hasn’t got access to the Net. 5. You _____________________ (to read) the book attentively if you don’t remember this episode. 6. Shakespeare _______________________ (to write) that play. – No, Shakespeare _______________________ (to write) it because the historical events the author refers to occurred in the 19^th century. 7. _________________ _______________ (Liz /still/ to take) driving lessons? 8. ____________ _________________ (they/to meet) in secret? Everybody seems to know about their love affair. 9. He ___________________________ (to walk) so long, it’s far too cold. 10. The child ______________________ (to walk) so far, he is not strong enough.
19. a) Listen to the text London Calling. Read it after the speaker.

b) Get ready to discuss the text in class.

c) Give the English for the following words and word combinations. Write out the sentences illustrating them. 

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (4)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Modal Verbs with Suppositional Meaning

Для передачи двойного отрицания с модальными глаголами can/could (в значении сомнения, недоверия) используется глагол to fail или отрицательные приставки: e.g. Can she have failed to see him? – Неужели она его не увидела? She can't have failed to recognize him. – Не может быть, чтобы она не узнала его. Can she really dislike you? – Неужели ты действительно ей не нравишься,

Модальный глагол must (в значении предположения, граничащего с уверенностью) обычно не употребляется в отрицательной форме. Для передачи отрицания используется глагол to fail или отрицательные приставки: e.g. He must have failed to understand me. – Он, должно быть, не понял меня. He must have misunderstood me. – Он, должно быть, неправильно понял меня.

20. Paraphrase as in the models:
Model 1: – I can’t imagine that Inga didn’t keep her promise.

– Inga can’t have failed to keep her promise.
Model 2: – Is it true that they didn’t reach a compromise?

– Can they have failed to reach a compromise?
Model 3: – I know for sure he didn’t pass his driving test.

– He must have failed to pass his driving test.
1. I can’t imagine that the company didn’t manage to sell their new software product. 2. Is it true that their new product didn’t meet the demands of the clients? 3. I’m almost sure that the manager didn’t give you the details of the project. 4. It is true that they were not able to buy energy saving equipment. 5. We are almost sure that the scientists didn’t manage to uncover the remains of the ancient city. 6. I can’t imagine that green activists didn’t manage to persuade the government to close down the power plant. 7. Didn’t you really see the difference between the original and the copy? 8. I’m sure he didn’t understand the joke, it was too subtle. 9. I can’t imagine that the CEO didn’t understand what we were aiming at. 10. It’s ridiculous that you don’t understand how important it is to revive the economy of the region. 11. I don’t believe that he didn’t read the manual before starting the engine. 12. I don’t believe that he didn’t attend the seminar on global warming. He has always been so environmentally conscious. 13. It’s impossible that he didn’t understand you properly. He is so smart. 14. I don’t believe that he didn’t recognize his defeat. He is almost ruined. 15. Barbara looks depressed. I’m almost sure she didn’t pass the job interview. 16. It’s most unlikely that John was unable to get in touch with the manager.

Text 1

Cross-cultural Notes:
1. Docklands – an area of new houses and offices in East London, on the north side of the river Thames where London’s commercial docks used to be. The old docks were too shallow for large modern ships and this had become a poor area. The London Docklands Urban Development Corporation was set up by the government in 1979 to develop it. The area now includes one of Europe’s tallest buildings, the Canary Wharf tower.
2. lingua franca [LlINgwR'frWNkR] – a language used between peoples whose main languages are different.
3. Big Bang (Brit.) – the name given to the introduction of important changes to the London Stock Exchange rules on October 27, 1986, when some controls were removed and new ways of trading allowed.
4. Dickensian [dI'kenzIRn] – Dickensian living conditions (factories, buildings etc.) are poor, dirty, and unpleasant, like conditions described in the books by Charles Dickens.

* * *
London Calling