Методические рекомендации по изучению дисциплины слушателями факультета заочного обучения по направлению подготовки 40. 03. 01 юриспруденция (на базе спо, впо), специальностям 40.
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INVESTIGATION OF CRIME Criminal investigation is the keystone of the police service and in the structure of the detective function. Investigation means a search. It means a search for the truth, for the offender, for witnesses who help to reconstruct the happening and will present evidence of it in court. Criminal investigation is indispensable to learn whether an accident involves a crime and if so who is responsible. As for the police work (he investigation is an inquiry into the facts surrounding the commission of the criminal offence, i.e. what it is, where it was, who the offender was, when, why and how he was committing the crime. No successful investigation is available without participating a highly professional policeman who possesses such attributes of the policeman's profession as dedication, courage, intelligence, competency, self-command, specialized investigative aptitudes and professional instinct, i.e. some sleuthing powers. To ferret out of serious crimes and detect those who commit them а police officer should do his best in performing his job. He should be knowledgeable not only in theoretical fundamentals of law enforcement but he should also be skilled in such policeman's functions as marksmanship, driving a patrol car, communicating with the public. All that helps him in maintaining proper police-public relations and in his decision-making judgement. Thus frustrating the efforts of professional criminals and quick and accurate solution of crime depends very much on proper special training, education and selection of police officers. It also depends on their skills in undercover work-laying an ambush and conducting surveillance, penetrating the underworld, work with the informants, their choosing, cultivating and usage. The informant is a person who gives the police officer confidential information about a crime as his civic responsibility and duty. A police officer operating in plain clothes often comes to know personally the offenders of the specific criminal specially their friends, their relatives and close associates, and becomes familiar with salient features of their modus operandi. In case the investigating officer works at the crime scene he defines the crime quickly and examines the scene very carefully before he touches and disturbs anything. He takes active measures to detect the offender, that is to identify, locate and apprehend the suspect or criminal. He usually takes pictures of the scene and its objects and makes a plan on which he records the position of any trace. He collects and protects evidence, interviews witnesses and details a number of other factors, e.g. search of the premises and persons for discovery of stolen property and instruments of the crime. Then he examines all the evidence to establish evidence of guilt against a person responsible for a crime. No doubt quick and accurate crime investigation and solution, catching, neutralizing and bringing the criminal to justice is essential. At the same time a very much more important and difficult thing is crime prevention. In order to function effectively in crime prevention the professional poliсеman establishes contacts with the public and maintains positive attitudes about the citizens he serves. If understanding is lacking, then decision-making judgement and general performance of the policeman in the field will be less effective. The better he understands the people, the better he manages to perform his duty. Some new words for the text:
Special Vocabulary for Oral Speech:
Question to the text.
Read and retell the text ROUTINE POLICE WORK As you know criminal investigation is the keystone of American police services, its law enforcement. But according to available estimates for some past period of time only one-third of police manpower resources dealt with crime and criminals, the other two-thirds of them - with non-law enforcement or so called "peace-keeping" activities. You did not read much about police peacekeeping activities as their everyday mundane duties or routine police work, did you? The data collected show that the great majority of incidents the police handled arose when the police responded to citizen calls for service - a citizen telephoned the police and the dispatcher directed a radio-equipped patrol car to deal with the situation. The police officer became implicated in a wide range of human troubles many of which had little or nothing to do with criminal law enforcement. He transported people to the hospital, wrote reports of auto accidents, and arbitrated and mediated between disputants - neighbours, husbands and wives, landlords and tenants, and businessmen and customers. He took missing person reports, directed traffic, controlled crowds at fires, wrote dogbite reports, and identified abandoned autos. He removed safety hazards from the streets, quieted noisy, parties, radios and television, evicted a drunken person from a bar and occasionally scooped up a dead animal. Policemen also spent much of their time with "juvenile troubles". So in the line of his everyday duties a policeman directed, vaided; informed, pacified, warned, disciplined, etc. - in short, contributed to the maintenance of the peace and order. The officers usually began their shift after roll call. Once the squad car manned by two officers was on the street patrolling the beat - cruising, looking for traffic violations, stolen cars or unsecured business - the officers took their instructions from a radio dispatcher from time to time. You see that the telephone and dispatch room became the centre of contemporary precincts. Both the dispatchers in their radio calls and the police officers in their records preferred to give the tersest description of the incidents. They used such abbreviations as "B" and "E" (breaking or/and entering), "family trouble" or "domestic", "silent alarm", "somebody screaming", "a theft report", "a man down" (person lying in a public place, cause unknown), "outside ringer" (burglar-alarm ringing), "the boys" (trouble with juveniles) or "kids disturbing", P.I.(personal-injury automobile accident), DK (drunk), PD (property damage automobile accident), H-and-R (Hit-and-Run) and suchlike. We see they used some kind of police slang. That is a very incomplete list of routine police work that the officer performed over the period covered.) Frankly speaking, policemen disdained this kind of work but they did it every day. Some new words for the text:
Special Vocabulary for Oral Speech (Part II):
Questions to the text.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE a) General Investigation Division The FBU formally called the Bureau of Investigation, was created primarily to handle criminal investigations for the Department of Justice. The FBI responsibilities continue to grow each year. The FBI handles over 180 different investigations including Federal criminal violations1, internal security matters and civil inquiries2 in which the Government has an interest. Since 1945, over 95 percent of the cases investigated by its agents which came before the courts have resulted in convictions3. |
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