Europol
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Some new words to the text:
Boundary граница
Significant важный, значительный, существенный
Contribution вклад, содействие
Target цель
To mean означать
To conduct investigation проводить расследование
Tool орудие, инструмент
Customs таможня
To overcome преодолеть
Request просьба, запрос
Fulfillment выполнение
2. Read and translate the text and answer the following questions:
1. What is Europol?
2. When did it start its work?
3. What is the aim of Europol?
4. What international crimes does Europol fight against?
5. Does Europol any executive powers? What does it mean?
6. What can you say about structure of this organization?
7. Is there any difference between Europol and Interpol? What are their roles in the fight against organized crime?
Europol
Nowadays, there are no boundaries for organized criminal groups. Because of modern technology and enormous resources, these groups are illegally active worldwide. In fact, organized crime represents a threat to the structure and values of our democratic systems affecting European citizens’ security and freedom.
Europol is the European Union law enforcement organization that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improve the effectiveness and cooperation between the competent authorities of the Member States in preventing and combating such international organised crimes as: illicit drug trafficking; weapons smuggling; illicit immigration network; terrorism, forgery of money (counterfeiting of the Euro) and other means of payment; trafficking in human beings including child pornography; illicit vehicle trafficking; money-laundering. In addition, other main priorities for Europol include crimes against persons, financial crime, computer crime and cyber crime. In short, the mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union’s law enforcement action against crime with an emphasis on targeting criminal organizations.
Europol (the name is a contraction of European Police Office) is the European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. The agency started limited operations on January 3, 1994, as the Europol Drugs Unit (EDU). In 1998 the Europol Convection was ratified by all the member states and came into force in October. Europol became fully operational on July 1, 1999.
It is a support service for the law enforcement agencies of the EU member states. Europol has no executive powers. This means that Europol officials are not entitled to conduct investigations in the member states or to arrest suspects. In providing support, Europol with its tools – information exchange, intelligence analysis, expertise and training – can contribute to the executive measures carried out by the relevant national authorities.
Europol is a multi – disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular police officers but staff members from the member states’ law enforcement agencies: customs, immigration services, border and financial police, etc. Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in international police cooperation. Any law enforcement officer from a member state can address a request to their Europol National Unit (ENU) in her / his mother tongue and receive the answer back in this language.
Three different levels of cooperation are possible: the first one is technical cooperation. The next step is strategic cooperation aimed at exchanging general trends in organized crime and how to fight it. The top level of cooperation includes the exchange of personal data and requires the fulfillment of Europol’s standards in the field of data protection and data security.
What is the difference between Europol and Interpol?
There are various possibilities for international law enforcement cooperation. Interpol and Europol are two of them. Interpol is an excellent network of police agencies of countries worldwide, whereas Europol mainly supports the fight against organized crime and there is no competition between these organizations. In fact a cooperation agreement was signed between the two organizations. In fact a cooperation agreement was signed between the two organizations to help strengthen international law enforcement cooperation.
Международное сотрудничество полицейских
Some new words to the text:
Growth рост, увеличение
Increasingly все более, все больше и больше
Sophisticated сложный, изощренный
Rapid быстрый, скорый
Opportunity возможность
To expand расширять(ся), увеличивать (ся)
Enormous огромный, громадный
Alarm тревога
Violate нарушать
Pressure давление
Widespread широко распространенный
Offence правонарушение, преступление
Money laundering отмывание денег
Theft воровство, кража
Illicit незаконный
Arms trade торговля оружием
Hijacking похищение, угон (транспортного средства)
Fraud обман, мошенничество
Insurance страхование, страховка
Trade торговля
Drug trafficking торговля наркотиками
Sham теневой, поддельный
Penetrate внедряться, проникать
Currency валюта, деньги
Gain прибыль, нажива, выгода
To conceal скрывать, утаивать
To escape бежать, уходить
Trace выслеживать, следить
Subsequent последующий, следующий
2. Read and translate the following text:
International police cooperation in combating cross-border crime
The growth in cross-border crime is going on in many countries today. The development of increasingly sophisticated facilities for rapid travel has made it easier for criminals to move around the world. At the same time, the complex structures of modern societies and the constant growth of international exchanges provide more and more opportunities for international criminal activity, which has expanded enormously now and reached alarming proportions. Individuals and companies are being subjected to increasing pressure from criminals, leading to widespread feelings of insecurity.
The term «international crime», although in common use, does not necessarily refer to specific types of offence defined in law. When criminal acts, deals and schemes violate the laws of more than one country, they are said to be cross-border, transnational or international crimes.
The UN has classified all transnational crimes into 17 groups: money laundering terrorism; theft of art works and cultural objects; theft of intellectual property; illicit arms trade; hijacking of planes; piracy; hijacking on highways; fraud in insurance; computer-related crime; ecological crime; trade in humans; trade in human organs; drug trafficking; sham bankruptcy; penetrating legal business; corruption and bribing public figures, party leaders and elected officials.
Some offences are covered by international conventions, for instance, currency counterfeiting (1929 Convention), traffic in human beings and the exploitation of prostitution (1949 Convention), and drug trafficking (1988 Convention).
Other offences, however, can be classified as «international» because of the behaviour of the offenders. For instance, preparations for committing an offence may be made in one country while the actual offence is committed in one or more countries. To make another example, similar offences may be committed one after the other in several different countries. Finally, an offender may escape across a border after committing his offence, he may transfer his illicit gains abroad or he may conceal objects or documents used to commit the offence in another country.
Tracing and arresting such offenders may prove extremely difficult; problems can arise in connection with exchanging information, identification, international investigations and subsequent extradition. Because of these problems, police services in different countries must work together if they are to combat international crime successfully.
Read and retell the text
OBSERVATION OF A CRIME SCENE
What is a crime scene? The crime scene means the place or the area where the crime such as burglary, larceny, homicide, traffic crime or motor vehicle theft, etс. takes place. The scene is the central location toward which all evidence points before, during and after the crime.
Crime scene search is an action of the investigator consisting of his direct survey of the happening, finding, collecting and protecting evidence to establish circumstances which are significant for the investigation. To observe and examine a crime scene properly is essential for quick and accurate crime solution. It is one of the most important sources of information concerning commission of the crime which enables the officer to answer with specific details the questions: What? Where? When? How? Why? Who? and What for?
Not infrequently an experienced investigator manages to narrow the investigation and search down to a single individual after a careful study of the crime scene.
The process of a crime scene search usually includes a preliminary, general observation, a detailed search and the final stages.
At the preliminary stage the investigator keeps in mind the problems of ensuring crime scene protection, preparation of proper crime techniques, choosing and instructing witnesses, getting information of the happening. And of course he gives first aid to a victim if it's necessary or calls for an ambulance.
At the stage of general observation the investigator is to observe the general appearance of the situation noting everything at the scene. To conduct a crime scene search properly the investigator must reconstruct the happening, analyze the operational conditions, make an estimate of the situation and develop and follow a definite way of doing his job. He makes a plan for the search and informs the participants of the search what and where to search minding not to destroy and overlook any valuable evidence. He also ensures taking pictures of the scene and its objects, making plaster casts of footprints and developing and taking fingerprints.
At the stage of detailed examination the investigator tries to answer a lot of different questions: Is it possible to identify the salient features of criminal's modus operandi? What are these features? Where was the entrance to the scene? What approaches are there to the scene? What was the criminal's way of entering it? Are there any traces of criminal act, e. g. fingerprints, footmarks, blood stains on the objects? Whose prints are they? Was the criminal moving any objects from their positions? Was the criminal alone or in a company with another? Do they always work together? What were they going to do? What instruments do they usually use? What instruments was the criminal using in this case? Are there cigarette stubs or ashes? Does the criminal smoke cigars or cigarettes? Was he smoking at the crime scene? Who can it be? What are his distinctive marks? What is the most unusual feature of his appearance? How does he dress? What was strange in his actions? Why does he behave so strangely? The successful investigator does not forget to note negative facts: Why is the weapon absent? Why are there no fingerprints or blood stains when it is natural to find them? etc. The answers to all those and many other questions help the investigator to build a hypothesis of the crime commission.
At the final part of observation the investigator makes conclusions taking into consideration all available information, packs the traces of the crime for a crime laboratory, makes a record of the crime scene observation and if necessary brings a criminal action.
Some new words for the text:
area
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['Fqriq ]
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n - площадь, район, область
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Point
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[point ]
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v - указывать
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circumstances
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['sq:kqmstqnsiz]
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n - обстоятельства
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significant
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[sig'nifikqnt]
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a - значительный, важный, существенный
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Enable
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[i'neibl]
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v - давать возможность
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frequently
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['fri:kwqntli ]
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adv-часто
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Narrow
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['nxrou ]
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v - суживать (ся), уменьшать (ся)
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preliminary
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[pri'liminqri]
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a - предварительный
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Witness
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n - зд. понятой
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participant
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[pa:'tisipqnt ]
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n - участник
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Mind
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[maind]
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n - разум, память
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Mind
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v - помнить, заботиться
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Overlook
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[["ouvq' luk ]
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v -1. проглядеть, 2. не заметить
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Blood
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[blAd ]
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n - кровь
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Stain
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[stein]
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n - пятно
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instrument
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['instrumqnt]
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n - орудие
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Stub
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[stAb ]
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n - окурок
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Ash
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[xS]
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n - зола, пепел
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Striking
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['straikiN]
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a- (no)разительный, замечательный
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Dress
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[dres]
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v- одеваться
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Behave
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[bi'heiv ]
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v - вести себя
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Burglary
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['bq:glqri]
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насильственное проникновение с целью совершения преступления, кража со взломом
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Larceny
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['la:sni]
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воровство
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Theft
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[Teft]
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воровство, кража
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Homicide
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['hOmisaid ]
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убийство, лишение человека жизни
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traffic crime
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['trxfik]
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дорожное преступление
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motor vehicle
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['moutq'vi:ikl]
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автомобиль, машина
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motor vehicle theft (auto theft)
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['O:tou] [Teft]и |
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угон автомашины
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to give first aid to a victim
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оказать первую помощь потерпевшему
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call for an ambulance
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['xmbjulqns]
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вызвать машину скорой помощи
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reconstruct the happening
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мысленно воссоздать происшедшее (события, преступления)
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make an estimate of ...
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['estimit]
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оценить что-либо
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make plaster casts
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['pla:stq 'ka:sts]
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снимать гипсовые слепки
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fingerprints
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['fiNgqprint ]
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следы пальцев
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footprints (footmarks)
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['futprint]
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следы ног
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develop and take fingerprints
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проявить и снять следы пальцев
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take pictures of...
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фотографировать
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build a hypothesis
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[hai'pOTisis]
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выдвинуть версию
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make the conclusions
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[kqn'klu:Zqnz]
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делать выводы
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pack the traces of the crime
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упаковать вещественные доказательства (следы преступления)
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crime laboratory
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криминалистическая лаборатория
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make a record
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составить протокол
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take into consideration
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принять во внимание
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bring a criminal action
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возбудить уголовное дело
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Questions to the text:
What is a crime scene?
What crimes do you know?
What is a crime scene search?
What actions of the investigator does it consist of?
What questions should an investigator answer during the crime scene search?
What stages does the process of crime search usually include?
What problems does the investigator solve during the preliminary observation? (at the stage of general observation? at the stage of detailed examination?)
What does the investigator do at the final part of observation?
Read and retell the text
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