Среднего профессионального образования «минусинский медицинский техникум»
|
Скачать 292.42 Kb.
|
ACTIVE VOCABULARYRead and learn the following words and word combinations:
11 IMMUNITY  Immunity means resistance to disease. It is provided by certain white blood cells, which release antibodies and antitoxins into the blood plasma. Many causative factors can stimulate white cells to produce antibodies antitoxins; for example, microorganisms; bacterial, plant and animals toxins; foreign bodies; transplants; transfusion of incompatible blood cells. All such factors are called antigens. When infection occurs, inflammation results, and part of this defensive reaction involves antibodies and antitoxins. They are present in the blood and help overcome the microorganisms concerned. Some of these antibodies and antitoxins can remain in the blood for life and prevent any repetition of the same infection. Such life-long protection is called acquired immunity; but unfortunately it does not occur for every type of microorganism. However, where immunity is possible it can be reproduced artificially in people who have never been infected by a particular microorganism. It may be done by giving a non-immune person a dose of dead microorganisms. This is called vaccination. Dead microorganisms cannot produce disease but they do stimulate the host’s body to produce antibodies and antitoxins against the particular microorganisms concerned. Thus any subsequent infection with these organisms is immediately overcome by the antibodies and antitoxins already present. If there has been no vaccination or prior exposure to disease, acquired immunity is not present. However, all individuals inherit some degree of natural immunity and this helps explain why some people are more resistant to disease than others. NOTES
12 EXERCISES EXERCISE 1.Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
13 EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
EXERCISE 4. Поставьте артикли, где это необходимо: Where immunity to … particular disease is not present, it can be provided by … vaccination to prevent that disease; but it can also be introduced by injecting … antibodies or antitoxins to treat or temporarily prevent … disease concerned. Such protection is called passive immunity and is commonly used against tetanus. During pregnancy … mother passes on her own antibodies and antitoxins to her unborn baby and this provides … passive immunity for … first few months after birth. EXERCISE 5. Поставьте предлоги, где это необходимо: Some people have a defective immune system and are accordingly much more susceptible … infection. Such individuals are said to be immune – compromised and one … the most important examples is the destruction … the body’s defense mechanism by the AIDS virus, resulting … death from an inability to resist infection. Other immune – compromised patients may be those suffering … leukemia, kidney failure and diabetes; and those taking drugs which suppress immunity; for example, cytotoxics, used … the treatment of cancer, and drugs used to prevent rejection … transplants. 14 EXERCISE 6. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:
EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык:
EXERCISE 8. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Immunity”. УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 9 Приготовьте пересказ текста “Immunity”. 15 TEXT B If an infection is too virulent, or the body resistance too weak, the white cells are unable to contain the infection and it can spread throughout the body. Before the discovery of antibiotics, such spread was usually fatal. If the balance between infection and body resistance us equal, a condition of stalemate may supervene, often leading to a persistent state of chronic infection.  During the battle between invading bacteria and white cells in the inflamed area, many casualties occur. These dead white cells and bacteria form the creamy liquid known as pus. A localized collection of pus is called an abscess. Abscess of the skin are called boils. Sometimes pus formation spreads diffusely instead of forming an abscess. This is called cellulites.In the absence of infection, pus formation does not occur and any damage done by the causal irritant is repaired. Following inflammation the damage is repaired by white cells which rebuild the area by filling the breach with a temporary repair tissue called granulation tissue. This consists of rapidly growing white cells and new capillaries which form fibrous scaffolding in which damaged parts are removed and reconstruction take place. But repair cannot take place in the presence of pus. 16 ACTIVE VOCABULARY Read and learn the following words
17BLOODBlood contains a fluid called plasma plus microscopical cellular elements: erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes. Erythrocytes are red blood cells of which 4.5 – 5 million are found in each cubic millimeter. These cells are made in the bone marrow and are important in transporting oxygen from the lungs through the blood stream to the cells all over the body. The oxygen is then used up by body cells in the process of converting food to energy (catabolism). Hemoglobin, containing iron, is an important protein in erythrocytes, which helps in carrying the oxygen as it travels through the blood stream. Erythrocytes also carry away carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste product of catabolism of food in cells, from the body cells to the lungs. On arriving there it is expelled in the process of breathing.  Leucocytes are white blood cells from 4.000 to 10.000 per cubic millimeter exiting in several types: granulocytes and agranulocytes, which are also subdivided into different types.Granulocytes are cells with granules in their cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow. There are three types of granulocytes: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils. Agranulocytes are produced in lymph nodes and spleen. There are two types of agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes. Thrombocytes or platelets are tiny cells formed in the bone marrow. They are necessary for blood clotting. Their number is 400.000 per cubic millimeter. The plasma is the fluid portion before clotting has occurred. The serum is the fluid portion of blood remaining after the coagulation process is completed. The body contains about five liters of blood kept at a constant temperature of 37*C. Blood consists of three different types of cell floating in a liquid called plasma. The blood cells are known as red cells, white cells and platelets. Red cells and platelets are unique among body cells in having no nucleus. Blood cells are so small that one cubic 18 millimeter of blood (the size of a pin head) contains about five million red cells, 7.000 white cells and 250.000 platelets. The red blood cells contain a pigment called hemoglobin, which gives the blood its red color. The main function of red cells is to carry oxygen to the body cells. For its journey from the lungs to the body cells, oxygen combines with hemoglobin of the red cells. It is then released from the hemoglobin when the body cells are reached. Some people do not have enough hemoglobin in their red cells and are consequently short of oxygen. This condition is called anemia and such people tire easily, become breathless on exertion and have a pale complexion. They need special care during general anesthesia. The white blood cells defend the body against disease. They do this by attacking germs and repairing damage. The function of platelets is to stop bleeding. They do this in two ways: by blocking the cut blood vessels; and by producing substances, which help the blood to clot. EXERCISES EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
19 EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями из текста:
EXERCISE 3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
EXERCISE4. Составьте предложения, используя следующие модели, переведите на русский язык: MODEL: You can learn English.(to work hard) You can learn English by working hard. 1. You can improve your health (to walk in the evening, to have a proper diet, to follow your doctor’s advice). 20 2. You will help me (to take part in the conference, to deliver a lecture on Monday, to organize a seminar). 3. You can keep up your English (to read books in the original, to learn grammar, to work with a tape- recorder). EXERCISE 5. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
EXERCISE 6. Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо: 1. Blood contains … fluid called plasma and cellular elements. 2. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are important in … gas exchange taking place in … lungs. 3. Leucocytes (white blood cells) are subdivided into … different types. 4. Granulocytes are formed in … bone marrow. 5. Agranulocytes are produced in … lymph nodes and … spleen. 6. Platelets are … tiny cells formed in the bone remaining after … coagulation process is the serum. EXERCISE7. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:
EXERCISE8. Закончите предложение, используя окончание ing. Слова из правой колонки вам помогут:
EXERCISE 9. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Blood”. EXERCISE 10. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Blood”. 22 ACTIVE VOCABULARY Read learn the following words and word combinations:
INFECTION Infection means invasion of the body by microorganisms, which are harmful. The most common sources of infection in medical practice are direct contact with a patient’s blood and saliva, consequently instruments and equipment used in the treatment become contaminated. If no action were taken infection may enter the body through skin cuts or abrasions or the eyes, it may also be swallowed. Infection from the contamination would be passed on from patient to patient, from patient to staff and from staff to patient. This involvement is called cross – infection. Even ancient people taught that body’s first of defense against infection was an intact surface, e.g. the outer layer of skin and the protective outer layer of 23 mucous membrane. If infection had passed it the second line of defense started its action. It was the liquid secretion produced by the protective surfaces. The mucous membrane and the salivary glands had produced saliva, which neutralized some bacterial poisons and could kill some microorganisms. Tears and sweat had a similar effect. The acidity of gastric juice killed many bacteria in food. The third line of defense is discovered now. It is immunity. And we also know that if these defense mechanisms fail to prevent infection, the last line of defense is a response by the body called inflammation. EXERCISES EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
24 EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
EXERCISE4. Измените предложения в прошедшее совершенное время: MODEL: They have finished the work (by 5 o’clock yesterday). They had finished the work by 5 o’clock yesterday.
EXERCISE 5. Составьте 12 вопросов к тексту “Infection”. EXERCISE 6. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Infection”. 25  TEXT BIn order to prevent cross – infection it is essential to kill all the microorganisms on infected instruments. This process is known as sterilization and means the killing of all microorganisms: bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses. It is carried out immediately after completion of treatment so that all instruments are sterile again before use on the next patient. Countless number of microorganisms lives on the skin and in the mouth, nose and throat. Normally they do no harm to their host as they living on an external surface and not among delicate internal cells. However, they may become harmful if they are introduced inside the body tissues, or are transferred from one person to another. This can occur when the tissues penetrated by contaminated forceps blade, scalper or syringe needle, and may give rise to harmful reaction. After each patient has left the surgery, it is the nurse`s duty to see that all instruments are properly sterilized before being used again for another patient. As already mentioned, sterilization means killing not only bacteria and fungi, but all other microorganisms, including viruses and bacterial spores. Any method which kills bacteria and fungi but allows some spores or viruses to survive cannot be sterilization. The term used for this restricted range of action is disinfection. |
Похожие:
 |
Методическая разработка «Имя существительное» Санкт- петербургское государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования «медицинский техникум... |
|
Публичный доклад государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения... Московской области «Егорьевский промышленно-экономический техникум» переименовано в государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение... |
 |
Образовательная программа среднего профессионального образования по специальности Среднего профессионального образования свердловской области «нижнетагильский строительный техникум» |
|
«Суражский промышленно-аграрный техникум» отчёт о результатах самообследования... Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования |
|
Среднего профессионального образования «государственный медицинский... Областное государственное образовательное бюджетное учреждение среднего профессионального образования |
|
Отчет о результатах самообследования бюджетного образовательного... Вологодской области «Вологодский областной техникум культуры» в 2013 году осуществляло образовательную деятельность по реализации... |
|
Атф. Макроэргические связи. Вопросы для самоконтроля исходного уровня... Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования «Медицинский техникум... |
|
Акт самообследования государственного бюджетного образовательного... Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования Московской области |
|
Отчет о результатах самообследования Областного государственного... Наименование образовательного учреждения Областное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального... |
|
Орловской области среднего профессионального образования «орловский... Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования по профессии нпо 190629. 07 Машинист... |
|
Профессионального Образования «Государственный медицинский колледж г. Братска» Областное Государственное Образовательное Бюджетное Учреждение Среднего Профессионального Образования |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс основной образовательной программы среднего... Некоммерческая организация профессионального образования «балтийский информационный техникум» |
|
Отчет о результатах самообследования г осударственного Архангельской области «Котласский электромеханический техникум» (далее Техникум) реализует основные профессиональные образовательные... |
|
Программа подготовки специалистов среднего звена Государственное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования Тульской области «Алексинский машиностроительный... |
|
Орловской области среднего профессионального образования «орловский... Федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования по профессии нпо 190629. 07 Машинист... |
|
Рабочая программа учебной дисциплины оп. 04Фармакология по специальности... Лечебное дело и программы «Фармакология», разработанной преподавателем высшей квалификационной категории Государственного автономного... |