Методические рекомендации по чтению на английском языке для студентов 2 курса факультета
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Biathlon (Greek. Bi – double + athlon – competition, contest), a name used to describe sports combining 2 skills, most frequently cross country running (in summer) with shooting – usu. Involving a rifle but also a bow (>SUMMER BIATHLON; >WINTER BIATHLON: > ARCATHLON; >SKI-ARCHERY). SUMMER BIATHLON A combination of a cross country race and competitive shooting, modeled after > WINTER BIATHLON. Events included: 10-km individual race, 6-km sprint, 8-km pursuit, 4*6-km relay (for men), and 8-km individual race, 4-km sprint, 6-km pursuit, 4*4-km relay (for women). WINTER BIATHLON Winter biathlon the sport involving both cross-country skiing and the use of firearms, also simply known as >BIATHLON (Lat. Bi- double + Gr. Athlon – competition, prize). Running events in this discipline include 10 and 20-km runs in men’s senior, 10 and 7,5km in women’s, and 10 and 15km in juniors’, as well as 4*7,5-km relays both in men’s and women’s categories and 3*7,5km in juniors’. Each run is accompanied by target shooting using a 5.6-mm small-caliber rifle at a distance of 50m. The targets – 40-45mm for shooting prone and 110-115mm from a standing position – have no bull’s-eye. Seniors and juniors running 10km take 2 series – one prone, one standing – of 5 shots each; whereas on a 20-km course seniors take 4 series (alternating prone and standing) of 5 shots. Juniors running 15km take 3 series – prone, standing, and prone again – of 5 shots each, whereas relays involve 2 series – again one prone, one standing – of 5 shots each using up to 8 bullets. In relays and 10-km runs a penalty round is imposed for each missed target, whereas in 15 and 20-km courses a penalty minute is added to a competitor’s final result in the same situation. There are 3 types of targets: mechanical, electronic, and those that shatter upon being struck. All targets in a given competition must be of the same type and are arranged in rows or in a square with one target in the center. The course is a loop, conforming to the FIS (Federation International de Ski) regulations. HISTORY. Evidence suggests that winter biathlon goes back to prehistoric times. Stone carvings discovered in Norway, dating back to 2000BC, show spear-wielding hunters on skis shooting arrows with bows, combined activities not unlike today’s winter biathlon. A similar union of skiing and shooting, this time performed by a Scand. winter hero, Ultra, who was worshipped as a remarkable skier and bow shooter, has also been mirrored in a number of later human activities, such as Norw. And Rus. Army maneuvers from the Middle Ages up to the 17th cent. At the end of the 16th cent. the Pol. King, Stefan Batory, established an elite corps of skiing sharp-shooters to combat their Rus. Counterparts, which is illustrated in a woodcut of skiers at the ready included in the work of A. Gwagnin Sarmatiae Europae Descriptio (1578). The new-era prototypes of winter biathlon include army runs held in Norway and Sweden up to the 18th cent. The first recorded military ski runs combined with shooting, dating back to 1767, involved border guards on both sides if the Nor.-Swed. frontier. Between 1792 and 1818 these drills led to regular events from which formal codification evolved. The first winter biathlon sports club was estab. in Trysil, Norway, in 1861. The 1924 OG in Chamonix were the first during which ski runs formed one of the events, although up to 1948 no medals were awarded in this discipline. After that, the event was cancelled because of its military character and the antiwar sentiments reigning in the Comite International Olympique (CIO) after WWII. In 1948 the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne et Biathlon (UIPMB) was founded and until 1999, when International Biathlon Union (IBU) was estab., winter biathlon remained under its auspices. The first winter biathlon W.Ch., which are continued up to this day, were organized in 1958 in Saalfelden (Austria). At the beginning, only 20-km senior’s runs were held in which each country could put up 4 runners and a team’s final score was the total of the 3 best individual scores. In 1957, in the wake of the Swedish initiative, the CIO decided to include winter biathlon in the program of the 1960 OG in Squaw Valley during which skiers ran a 20-km course shooting with 7.62 caliber rifles at distances of 2500, 200, and 150m prone, and 100m standing. In the 1966 W.Ch. in Garmisch-Partenkirchen the team scoring system used so far was replaced by 4*7.5-km relay, shooting at a distance of 150m only. The W.Ch. held in 1974 in Minsk were the first to witness a 10-km run, later included in the OG program during the 1980 games in Lake Placid. In addition, a 150-m penalty loop was introduced. Since 1978 only 5.6mm caliber rifles have been allowed. In 1980, the first mechanical targets were employed and in 1981 2-min. penalty breaks were eliminated. An important influence on the skier’s performance was the development of the skating technique introduced in 1985 which pushed the results to a higher level and necessitated certain modifications in the equipment, such as shorter skis and longer poles. The development of TV technology contributed in the 1990s to establishing a World Cup. Among men, the best winter biathlon teams come from Germany, Norway, Russia, Byelorussia, and Austria. The most outstanding individuals include: W. Melanin from the USSR who won the gold medial in the 20km category during the 1964 OI.G. and was the world champion in 1959, 1962, and 1963; F.P. Roetsch from Germany, the gold medalist in 20km during the 1988 OI.G. and 1987 W.Ch., as well as in 10km at the 1988 OI.G. and 1987 W.Ch.; and M. Kirchner also from Germany, the Olympic winner in 10km in 1992 and the world champion in the same distance category in 1990 and 1993. Women’s winter biathlon started around 1978 and the women’s events were first included in the World. Championship. In 1984 (initially in 5 and 10km runs and then in 7.5 and 15-km ones), whereas in the OI.G. program they incl. in 1992 in Albertville (7/5 and 15-km runs and the 3*7.5-km relay; since the 1994 OI.G. in Lillehammer the 3*7.5-km relay was replaced by the 4*7.5-km one). In the ‘90s the women’s winter biathlon was dominated by Germany, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and Norway. The most celebrated individuals include: Canadian M. Bedard, double gold medallist during the 1994 OI.G. and the 1993 W. Ch.; German P. Schaaf, the world champion in 15km in 1989, 1991, and 1993, as well as in 10km in 1988; and Norwegian A. Elvebank, the world champion in 15km (1988) and 7.5km (1989 and 1990). The development of TV technology led to significant modification of the discipline aimed at making it more spectacular, e.g. introducing the so-called pursuit events in which men compete along a 12.5 km course and women - a 10km one. Also the World Cup is held, in which, since 1997, all the skiers start simultaneously and the run is accompanied by 2 shooting series. Since the 1900s a variety of winter biathlon in which bows, instead of rifles, are used has been growing in popularity (>SKY-ARCHERY).Still under the auspices of the UIPMB, > SUMMER BIATHLON is organized. History of ice hockey Ice hockey is one of the most action-paced of sports, a fast moving game of flashing skates, lightning action, and rough-and-tumble contact, demanding skillful skating, expert stick-handling, and masterly puck control. The game developed in the frozen expanses of North America, and a hundred years ago became the national winter sport of Canada. It also became very popular in the northern states of the United States, and later spread to Europe, Japan, and even to Australia. The game probably arose from boys playing shinty on the ice. (Shinty incidentally is related to bandy, known and played in Russia as “Russian Hockey” or “hockey with a ball”.) The kids probably fashioned pucks from frozen “horse apples” and adapted walking sticks and tree branches as hockey sticks, and played on cleared stretches of frozen lakes and rivers, in which Canada abounds, and backyard rinks. Soon it was inevitable that teams began to play against each other and leagues were formed. The earliest mention of the team ice hockey game is a newspaper description of the game played at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal in l875. Originally the leagues and national competitions in Canada were amateur. In 1917 the first professional league was formed, the National Hockey League (or NHL), with four clubs — Montreal Canadians, Montreal Wanderers, Ottawa Senators, and Toronto Arenas. Later clubs were formed in American cities, and the NHL spread to the United States. In 1972 a rival professional organization was formed, the World Hockey Association (or WHA). Rivalry between the two professional leagues precipitated competition for players, which led to a doubling and tripling of players’ salaries, and to league-jumping by leading professional players. In 1893 Lord Stanley, the Governor-General of Canada, presented a silver trophy, the Stanley Cup to the winners and play-offs for the Stanley Cup began, which then became the symbol of professional hockey supremacy. Canadian-style ice hockey spread rapidly in Europe between the two World Wars. In the northern countries it had to compete against bandy. The game first reached the USSR in the thirties, more by accident than design, when a German team visited Moscow. It was only when the team arrived that the Soviet hosts discovered that their guests played hockey with a puck and not a ball. The Canadian game took root in the USSR after the Second World War, in 1946, when the USSR championship was first organised. In 1948 the first international match was played between a team representing Moscow and LTC — Prague, Moscow winning by 6:3. In 1951 the USSR team played for the first time in the World Championships in Stockholm, and returned home with the world title. Since 1956 the Soviet national side has also competed in the Winter Olympic Games and was many times the holder of the Olympic Title. Hockey is a team game played on an ice surface, known as a rink. Six players - a goalkeeper, two defensemen, and three forwards — constitute a side. The game is divided into three periods, each lasting twenty minutes of actual playing time with 10-minute intervals. Each period begins with a face-off at the center of the rink. There are five face-off spots whereby the puck is dropped by the referee between the sticks of two opposing players. After a goal is scored, the puck is brought back to center ice for another face-off. The playing area (rink) is 188 to 200 feet long, and about 85 feet wide. The playing area is subdivided info three zones — defensive, neutral and attacking — by two blue lines (also called off-side lines) running across the rink. A team's defensive zone is the zone where the goal cage, which it is defending, is located. The zone at the opposite end of the rink is known as the team's attacking zone. The area between is known as the neutral zone and is divided at the centre by a red line. This line plays an important role in the game's body checking regulations. Players are subject to a variety of penalties leading to their dismissal from the ice for two minutes or more, thus giving the other team a one-man advantage for the duration of the penalty or until a goal is scored. Greco-Roman wrestling Greco-Roman wrestling, one of the 2 most popular >WRESTLING styles in modern times included in the program of the OL.G. W. Ch., and continental championships. In Greco-Roman wrestling the legs may not be used in any way to obtain a fall and no holds may be taken below the waist. This makes modern Greco-Roman wrestling very similar to the wrestling style practiced in ancient Greece (and hence the name). Similar to >FREESTYLE WRESTLING, the object of the game is to pin one’s opponent. If nobody gets pinned, the winner is the wrestler who has scored the most points during the match. The bout is officiated by a referee who awards points or announces be the result of a given match. His decision must be confirmed by 2 other referees, i.e. the judge and the mat chairman. The decision may be accepted by a 2 to 1 majority. The bout consists of 2 rounds of 3min. each with a 1min. break in between. In the case of a draw, the match goes into an overtime of 3 min. So in total, the match may last up to 9 min. additionally, one of the wrestlers must score at least 3pts. For the match to end after 6 min. In the mid-1990s the 2-round system was replaced with a 1-round system whereby the round lasted for 5 min. and the overtime for 3 min. This system was applied during the 1996 Atlanta OL.G., but was later discontinued. In the case of stalling, the referee may stop the fight and to force the players to be more active he may order a so-called lock, in which the wrestling stand face-to-face and place their hands around their opponent’s shoulders (so that one hand is placed under the armpit and the other around the neck). The player who scored more point up to that moment has the right to apply the lock first, which gives him a certain advantage. If both players score no points or score an equal number of points the referee tosses a special blue and red token. When the token lands with the blue side up, the player wearing the blue uniform is the first to apply the lock. If it lands red side up, the other player does it. (To be clearly distinguished during a match, one of the wrestlers must wear blue and the other red). The player whose lock breaks first loses 1pt. If, within a period of 1 min. neither of the players breaks his opponent’s lock, the player who was first to apply it loses 1pt. and has to move to a par terre position, which, naturally, puts his opponent at an advantage. As some think this rule is unfair, it may be discarded in the near future. Bouts are held on a square mat whose side is at least 12m long, whereas the central wrestling area, which is circular in shape, must be at least 7m in diameter and is surrounded by a 1m-wide passivity zone. The wrestlers must wear soft shoes with tall and rigid tops to prevent ankle injury. The wrestlers fight in a standing or par terre position. The standing position is defined as the position in which both players only touch the mat the soles of their shoes, whereas in the par terre position they both or one of them lies on the mat or touches it with any part of his body except the feet and both shoulder blades. Technically speaking, the fight requires the application of various grips and holds such as suplexes, wrenches, gut wrenches and half-nelsons. Any hold that endangers life or limb, for example the full nelson, is forbidden. The wrestlers are divided into weight categories. Since 1997 there have been the following 8 categories: 48-54kg, up to 58kg, up to 63 kg, up to 69 kg, up to 76kg, up to 85kg, up to 97kg and 97-130kg. These categories are observed by the Federacion Internationale des Luttes Associees (FILA) that replaced the Federacion Internationale de Luttes Amateur (FILA-International Amateur Wrestling Federation). Before, however, the weight categories were different and they changed several times between 1896 and 1996. HISTORY. Due to the fact that Greco-Roman wrestling drew heavily on the ancient Greek tradition it was initially referred to solely as Greek wrestling, especially in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, despite the fact that it was not very similar to the Hellenic >PALE. Today, we also know that it was not the Greeks who invented the rule of admitting only above-the-waist holds and grips. In1938 an Amer. Scholar S.A. Speiser discovered an ancient statuette depicting two wrestlers holding each other above the hips in the Khafajah Temple near Baghdad. The statuette is said to be a typical example of Sumerian sculpture and its age is estimated at 5,000-7,000yrs. Additionally, all the preserved Eg. Murals and statuettes depict wrestlers fighting in a standing position and applying their holds above their opponent’s waist. The modern history of Greco-Roman wrestling dates back to the first attempts to revive the Gk. OL.G. Greco-Roman wrestling first formed a separate event during the 2nd of the so-called Hellenic OL.G. with only one, unspecified weight category. K. Kardamylakis became the first Olympic Champion. Then, Greco-Roman wrestling was also included in the Hellenic Olympics program in 1875 and 1889. Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the program of the first modern Olympics in Athens in 1896. Just one weight class was contested – heavyweight-and Karl Schumann of Germany became the first Olympic wrestling gold medallist G. Tsitas of Greece. W. Ch. Have been held since 1921 under the auspices of the Federacion Internationale de Lutte Amateur (FILA- International Amateur Wrestling Federation) that was later renamed the Federacion Internationale des Lutté Associees (FILA). Initially, i.e. until 1939, the competition was dominated by Ger., Aus., Hug., and Scand. –esp. Swed. and Fin. –wrestlers. After 1945, the Soviet Union and other socialist countries such as Romania, Bulgaria and Poland came to the fore. They had to resist fierce competition from Ger., Eg. (especially immediately after 1945), Iranian, Japan, Korean, and Cuban (especially in the 1980s and ‘90s) wrestlers. Other countries where wrestling was practiced at a high international level included Finland, Hungary, and Turkey and – until 1990- Yugoslavia as well as the US (especially in the heaviest categories). Long jump running Long jump, also broad jump, an athletic contest, in which competitors try to cover the farthest distance possible with a running jump from a fixed board or mark. Presently jumpers take off from a wooden board and land in a specially designed landing area filled with sand. In an athletic contest the order of jumpers is decided by lots. If there are more than 8 contestants, there is a qualifying round, in which each jumper makes 3 qualification jumps followed by 3 final jumps. When more than 1 contestant achieves the 8th qualification result, all of them have the right to continue in the final round. Jumps are made into the landing area filled with sand. Its length is not defined by the rules, but it should be sufficient to allow safe landing at a distance from the end edge. The min. width is 2.75m and the max. is 3.0m. The sand should be slightly wet. After each jump the sand is levelled. The run up should be at least 40m long and, conditions permitting, preferably 45m long and 122-125cm wide. Jumps are measured from the board edge, perpendicular to the take off line or its extension to the nearest mark left in the sand by any part of the contestant’s body. In order to accurately measure the run up and correctly hit the board, the contestants can use markers nailed into the track or colored self-adhesive tapes attached to the side of the run up. Use of chalk or other substances that leave a permanent mark is not allowed. Contestants take off from a board embedded in the track so that it is level with the run up and the landing area. The board should be rectangular, made of wood or another material of similar mechanical properties, 121-122cm long, 20cm wide and 10cm thick. On the board’s edge, in a shallow depression, there should be a plasticine slat, 10cm wide and 121-122cm long, which indicates a foul jump – stepping over the board is equivalent with touching the plasticine slat, on which a clear mark is left. HISTORY. The need to jump over obstacles and cracks in the ground was the primary reason for which man perfected long jumping. The oldest known sporting form of long jump was practiced in ancient Greece (>HALMA). However, the contest was not practiced singly, but formed part of the >PENTATHLON. In the Middle Ages long jump was considered a valued skill of knights. During tournaments, contestants in full armor jumped over a water ditch. Different var. of long jump are known in many folk cultures, particularly in N Europe. The Ger. Niebelungen Lieds contains a description of a contest incl. elements of both high and long jumps. A jump over a gill or canyon during the escape of a folk hero from the oppressors chasing him is a frequent element of old legends, e.g. Robin Hood. In Poland and Slovakia a similar element is featured in the legends of the villain Janosik, who is said to have jumped the gorge of the Dunajec river between 2 rocks. Long jump as an exercise of skills useful in life was promoted by the Ger. educator J.C.F. Guts-Muths (1759-1839) in a chapter entitled Der Sprung in die Weite in gymnastikfür die Jugend (1804, 213-217). The modern long jump derives from England. In 1851 long jump was included in the athletic contest held at Exeter College in Oxford. Since 1864 it has been part of the athletic championships of England, and since 1876 – of the USA. Better and better results were achieved as the technique was perfected and as the >SPRINT developed since the speed of the run up is one of the most important elements of the running long jump. E.Ch. in long jump have been held since 1938, W. Ch. since 1983. Indoor W.Ch. and championships of some continents, incl. Europe, are also held. The long jump is part of most athletic contests held all over the world, such as national, continental, or Commonwealth championships, the Eur. Cup, held since 1965 and, since 1998, Golden League meetings. In 1896 the long jump was included in the Olympic Games During the Olympic Games held in 1900-12 apart from the running long jump >LONG JUMP (STANDING) was also held (later abandoned). Initially contestants jumped using a natural style, with the legs thrust forward immediately after take off. In 1901 an Irish P. O’Connor was the first to use the hitch-kick technique, in which the running movement of the legs and arms is continued during the flight phase. The first athlete to jump 7m was I. Lane from Ireland (7.04m-1894), 8m – J.C. ‘Jesse’ Owens (8.13m -1935). Owens’ record was beaten 25 years later by R. Boston (8.21m-1960). During the 1968 Olympic Games R. ‘Bob’ Beamon set a world record with a nearly 9-m long jump, later referred to as the ‘jump of the 21st cent’. (8.90). However, the result did not last until the 21st cent., as it was beaten twice during the 1991 W.Ch. in Tokyo by the Americans M. ‘Mike’ Powell (8.95m) and C. Lewis (8.91m), who took 2nd place in the contest. Up to the present contestants from Eng.-speaking countries have dominated in running long jump, initially from Britain and Ireland, then from the USA Tables of world record holders include only a few names of contestants from outside this group, e.g. S. Cator, Haiti (1928), who trained in and represented the USA. C. Nambu, Japan (1931) and I. Ter-Owanesjan, USSR (1962 and 1967). WOMEN’S LONG JUMP started to develop after 1921, under the auspices of the International Federation of Women’s Sports. The contest was included in the US championships in 1923, in the E.Ch. in 1938 and in the Olympic Games as late as 1948. The first female long jumper to jump 7m was W. Bradauskiene (USSR, 7.09m – 1978). The world record is currently held by G. Czistiakova (7.52m – 1988). LONG JUMP (STANDING), a sports competition in which a contestant takes off and makes a leap forward from a standing position, having set his shoulders and body swinging; It was included in the Olympic Games in 1900-12. The best standing long jumper was American R. Ewry, who won the event at the Olympic Games in 1900, 1904 and 1908. His best jump, made at the 1904 Games, was 346.6cm. Long jump (standing), abandoned after the 1912 Olympic Games was continued in some countries, and is still among the events practiced in PE classes in the US, but gradually disappeared as an event of athletic contests. However, it remained as a contest in women’s championships until 1964. The best female standing long jumper was K. Mearls, 5-time US champion (1927-31), whose best result was 8ft. 3¾ in. (252.5cm). The last US champion in standing long jump was B. Beckwith (269.5cm – 1994). Cf. >TRIPLE JUMP (STANDING), >HIGH JUMP (STANDING), >LONG JUMP (RUNNING). Sports for the disabled Every sport practiced by physically or mentally impaired, the impairment resulting from the amputation of hands or legs, paralysis or other reasons, which clearly restrict physical ability, such as dwarfism, blindness, arthritis, osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple sclerosis, mental retardation etc. Disabled Sports are divided into two main types: 1) athletic and sporting events and games for the disabled and partially disabled (e.g. the blind and visually impaired, amputees, and those suffering cerebral palsy, and learning difficulties) the events being called Paralympics and 2) sports training and athletic competitions for people with mental retardation called Special Olympics. Paraplegic Games are organized for paraplegics. Development of sports for the disabled has become very important in highly civilized countries, while in many Third World communities any type of disability is still a common cause of discrimination and elimination from social life. Likewise, in societies, where social movement for disabled sports has made considerable progress, the tendency to discriminate against the disabled can still be observed. C. Sherill the author and editor of countless scientific articles and books on disabled sports, responding to such tendencies, offers the following definition of the ultimate athlete, not in the sense of complete physical ability but in the sense of aspirations and desire to achieve the objectives. ”The ultimate athlete can be anyone disabled or able-bodied who demonstrates the capacity to dream, the unwavering intent to be the best and the willingness to pay the price of long, hard and strenuous training”. Cycling for the disabled. Cycling for the disabled, a form of cycling adapted to the needs of the handicapped. People with a severe vision impairment and the blind compete on tandems in 2-man teams with a seeing rider in the front saddle. For competition among the physically disabled, people with multiple sclerosis and other conditions standard cycling bicycles are used, provided the handicap is not advanced and does not prevent the participant from maintaining balance. If, however, balance is frequently lost, tricycles with the standard wheel size are used to increase stability. There are also special bicycles adapted for specific kinds of handicap, enabling the rider to e.g. pedal with one leg only. International championships include individual and 3-man-team events. Wheelchair dance Wheelchair dance, a form of tournament dancing with the participation of disabled persons in wheelchairs. The formal requirement is that a dance couple must be comprised of a male and female partner and one of them must be a wheelchair user with a permanent impairment in the lower part of the body recognizable and makes walking, and consequently dancing, impossible. The minimum disabilities, as defined by the regulations, include: amputation through the ankle, loss of 10 muscle strength points in both legs, ankylosis (fusion) of ankle joint extension defect of at least 30 degrees or ankylosis of knee joint, spasticity / discoordination corresponding to CP class 7, or leg shortening by least 7cm. The upper part of the body should not be impaired in any way. The sport is internationally governed by the Wheelchair Dance Committee initiated by G. Kromholz of Germany. Independent at first, in 2000 the Committee became part of the International Paraolympics Committee (IPC). In 2002 wheelchair dancing became a demonstration sport during the Winter Paraolympic Games. The most important events are W.Ch., E.Ch. and the World Cup. Similar to ordinary sport dancing, the following elements are evaluated: time and rhythm, technique and character, harmony and expression, choreography and originality. The rules governing wheelchair dancing must be in accordance with the regulations of the International Dance Sport Federation. The trad. division into standard dances (Eng. Waltz, Viennese waltz, tango, slow fox-trot, quickstep) and Lat.-Amer. dances (paso doble, jive, cha-cha, rumba) is preserved. The man’s dress must be black or dark blue: the woman’s dress must cover her buttocks at all times and tangas are not allowed. The floor is a rectangle with a total surface of at least 200m², of which neither side is shorter than 10m. Not more than 6 couples are allowed on the floor at one time. The IPC Wheelchair Dance Committee registers a rank list of the best international couples. Gym-dance Gym-dance, a term proposed by a Pol. Teacher of artistic gymnastics dances, Olga Kuzminska, to refer to a group of exercises and artistic forms of sport based on both gymnastic exercise and dancing. According to Kuzminska the beginning of gym-dance could be observed in the development of jazz gymnastics (see>JAZZ GYMNASTICS) and >AEROBICS. These forms gave birth to a large group of other similar activities that employed an attractive blend of physical exercise and dance. Kuzminska groups such activities into primary forms that include conventional aerobics and its direct derivatives, break dance, and 2 other forms bordering on dance recreation gymnastics: CALLANETICS, a system of exercises improving one’s figure, developed by Callan Pinkney, whose principle is to repeat a series of drills that focus on shaping particular groups of muscles that are responsible for the figure and esthetic appearance, esp. neglected ones. STRETCHING, a set of stretching exercises used either as a separate activity or as an element introducing and closing an aerobics session. The second group of gym-dances comprises a number of general exercising activities, practiced usu. Without any equipment, such as: ABDO FESS, a system of exercises aimed at strengthening and firming up the muscles of the abdomen and buttocks [fess – in Eng. Slang is a jocular term for buttocks, borrowed from heraldic fess point – the central point of a heraldic shield]. BODY SCULPT, a system of exercises aimed at ‘sculpting one’s body’ in order to make it more attractive. KIDS, a combination of aerobic exercises whose level of difficulty and attractiveness are intended to be appropriate for children. Cf. SENIOREN below. POWER SCULPT, a system of exercises designed to improve the power of muscles by means of using various weights. SENIOREN, a group of aerobic exercises whose level of ease and attractiveness are intended for persons advanced in years. TONE, also tone up. A set of rhythmic exercises practiced in order to improve the attractiveness of one’s body, esp. upper limbs, by means of light contractions of muscles with the use of 0,5-2 kg dumbbells. TOTAL BODY, a system of exercises that are selected and prepared in order to affect the entire body viewed as a single unit, in a versatile way. WALK, simple aerobic exercises, practiced while walking to the rhythm of music. Another group of gym-dance comprises those activities that employ various gymnastic and sports equipment: BODYBUILDING, a form whose name has been borrowed from >BODY BUILDING, although its traditions stem from aerobics. It employs various bodybuilding exercises and equipment typically used during such activities. BOX, a system of exercises based on the movements characteristic of >BOXING, i.e. jumping and swinging the arms in imitation of a fight, holding small dumbbells. FIT BALL, a system in which a rubber is used to drill specific parts of body, esp. the buttocks, spine and abdomen. Performers place a given part of their body on a ball and try to balance on it. FUNKY, physical exercise dominated by elements of dance to the rhythm of funk music. FUNKY STEP, a simple system of aerobic exercises practiced with the use of a step to the rhythm of funk music. See also >AEROBICS, subentry AEROBICS WITH A STEP. PUMP, in which rhythmic movements against the resistance of a light are performed. SPINNING, a var. of recreational exercise performed to rhythmic music on a special ergonometric bicycle equipped with gears that change the resistance of pedals, which allows a performer to modify the effort while keeping time with the beat. A final group of particularly dynamic gym-dances comprises activities dominated by elements of dancing, such as: AFROBICS, see >AEROBICS. BRASILIAN, a system of exercises with the prevalence of elements borrowed from Brazilian dances and music. EASY FUNK, a simple set of exercises with the use of funk rhythms as the background. HIGH LOW, a combination of exercise with the prevailence of dancing to a changing rhythm, from slow to fast, up to 140 beats per min. LATIN, a system of exercises employing a number of movements borrowed from Latin-Amer. dances. LOW IMPACT, exercises dominated by dancing elements to the rhythm of approx. 124 beats per min. The growing number of gym-dances comprises also such var. as: generally developing becken-boden, casy-funk, gym-dos, and rucken: exercises with the use of in-line equipment; and those dominated by dancing elements such as hip-hop, hip-hop funk, etc. As the number of combinations is growing, mutual interdependencies are becoming blurred and their product less prone to unanimous classification. PART IIIVocabularyAabdomen п брюшная полость, животability п способность acceptance п допуск, прием acquire v приобретать; овладевать; получать actualization п реализация, осуществление adapt v (tо) адаптироваться add v добавлять, прибавлять adjust v приспосабливать; корректировать advantage п преимущество, превосходство advice совет advisor п советник, консультант aesthetic эстетический affix v прикреплять, присоединять aggregate сумма, совокупность; общий, совокупный agility ловкость, подвижность, быстрота aid помощь, содействие angle п угол announce v объявлять anticipate v предвосхищать, предвидеть application п использование, применение appreciation п оценка, признательность apt tо склонный к чему-л. arch v прогибать, прогибаться arched а прогнутый; with the back arched с прогнутой спиной artificial а искусственный artistry п артистизм, художественное исполнение assert v утверждать, заявлять assess v оценивать, определять assume v принимать; to assume shape – принимать форму; to assume starting position – принимать стартовую позицию. assure v обеспечивать, гарантировать attainment п достижение, приобретение available а пригодный; имеющийся в наличии average а средний award v присуждать (давать); то присуждать очки; to award points – присуждать очки awareness п осознание, понимание |
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