Методические рекомендации по чтению на английском языке для студентов 2 курса факультета
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PART IISupplementary readingOlympic Movement The International Olympic Committee, the supreme authority of the Olympic Movement, was created by Baron Pierre Coubertin on the 23rd of June 1896. The IOC is an international non-profit organization, of unlimited duration. Its domicile is in Lausanne, Switzerland. The role of the IOC is known to lead the promotion of Olympism in accordance with the Olympic Charter. For that purpose IOC: -encourages the coordination, organization and development of sport and sports competitions; -ensures the regular celebration of the Olympic Games; -fights against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic Movement; - supports and encourages the promotion of sports ethics; -dedicates its efforts to ensuring that in sports the spirit of fair play prevails and the violence is banned; - leads the fight against doping in sport; -opposes any political or commercial abuse of sport and athletes; - supports the International Olympic Academy (IOA); - supports other institutions which devote themselves to Olympic education. The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. In addition to the IOC, the Olympic Movement includes the International Federation (Ifs), the National Olympic Committees (NOCs), the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games (OCOGs), the national associations, clubs, and the persons belonging to them, particularly the athletes. Furthermore, the Olympic Movement includes other organizations and institutions as recognized by the IOC. The Olympic symbol is formed from five interlinking rings: blue, yellow, black, green, and red. The rings, the flag, the motto are the exclusive property of the IOC and may not be used without authorization. The IOC Executive Board is made up of one President and of four Vice-presidents and six members, elected by the Session. The E.B. manages the affairs of the IOC; attend to the observance of the Olympic Charter and reports periodically on its activities to the IOC members. The IFs are world bodies which govern their own sports. They are responsible for the technical organization of each sport included on the programme of the Olympic Games, in agreement with the IOC. The NOCs develops and protects the Olympic Movement in its country, in accordance with Olympic Charter. It has the exclusive power for the representation of its country at the Olympic Games. It organizes and supervises the participation of its athletes in the Olympic Games. It designates the city which is to apply to organize the Olympic Games in its country. To be recognized by the IOC, an NOC must include national federations affiliated to IFs, at least five of which govern a sport included in the programme of the Olympic Games. The OCOGs. The honour of organizing the Olympic Games is granted to a city, the choice of which is the responsibility of the IOC alone. All candidatures must be submitted by the mayor of the city or by the authority concerned, with the approval of the NOC and support of the government concerned. The NOC delegates its mandate to an OCOG which has to have legal status and which is the executive body for the Organization of the Olympic Games. OCOGs communicate directly with the IOC. The Olympic Games comprise the Games of the Olympiad and the Olympic Winter Games. The term “Olympiad” denotes the period of four consecutive years which follows the Games. The first Olympiad of modern times was celebrated in Athens in 1896. The Olympiads are counted from this date, even if at the time of an Olympiad the Games couldn’t be held. The Games of the Olympiad are held every four years. They bring together in sincere and impartial competition athletes from all countries with no discrimination of a racial, political or religious nature. The Olympic Winter Games, which form a distinct cycle, will, as from 1994, take Place in the second year of the Olympiad. The first Winter Games were held in Chamonix in 1924, and they are numbered starting from that day. IOC resources The IOC may accept gifts and bequests and seek all other resources enabling it to fulfil its tasks. It collects revenues from the exploitation of rights, including television rights, as well as from the celebration of the Olympic Games.The IOC may grant part of the revenues derived from the exploitation of television rights to the IFs, NOCs, including Olympic solidarity, and the OCOGs. Gymnastics GYMNASTICS, forms of exercise at perfect bodily control developing out of the ancient traditions of >GYMNASIA – physical exercise and public displays performed naked in ancient Greece [Gk. gymnos - naked]. In modern language this name has two main meanings:
History. The traditions of gymnastics reach back, as the name implies, to ancient Greece where a system of physical preparation developed among the ephebans – young men approaching the age of military service. They underwent a special regime, including training as part of the preparations for sporting games. The place where the young people gathered for the necessary lessons and exercises was called the gimnasium. The exercises carried out there were not gymnastics in the modern sense of the world, but were of a nature typical for ancient Gk. sport). The existence of strong local, national and international organization led to the enormous importance of gymnastics for the development of physical culture in the countries of continental Europe, and to a lesser, but observable degree in Eng. – speaking countries, including the USA, where gymnastics practiced for heath and aesthetic reasons is called >CALISTHINICS. This enabled parallel progress in medicine, physiology and hygiene, which in large measure found support in the gymnastic movement, initially to a degree greater than in other sports. Astronaut gymnastics, or cosmonaut gymnastics, a var. of exercise used by astronauts during flights in order to maintain physical condition in the cramped and weightless conditions. The name was used mostly during the initial period of space flights; currently almost out of use. Home gymnastics, a number of gymnastic exercises specially chosen to enable them to be practiced in the limited amount of space available in the home. From the very beginning of gymnastics, many of its propagators, particularly doctors, have put together popular compendium serving the spread of home gymnastics Child gymnastics, dated, no longer applied term for those systems of physical education aiming at assisting in the physical and psychological development of children. The modern pioneer was the Ger. Teacher J.C.Guts-Muths (1759-1839), author of Gymnastics for Young People and Games for Strengthening the Body and Spirit for Young People. In Poland the first teacher concerned with training the bodies of children was J. Sniadecki (1768-1838), author of the work On the Physical Upbringing of Children. Gymnastics for hygiene, a variant of gymnastic exercises, usually systematized, popularized in the 19th cent. in order to improve the participants’ physical condition and also to instil habits of good hygiene. Instructional gymnastics, any education form of gymnastics that aims to physically train pupils, but also to influence their general upbringing, including moral aspects, hygienic awareness etc. Gymnastics for health, a term coined in the 19th cent. encompassing the entirety of physical exercises whose guiding aim was improving health. In this regard, the majority of types of gymnastics, in their basic forms, constitute varieties of this. It includes gymnastics for hygiene, infant gymnastics, morning gymnastics, radio gymnastics and school gymnastics. However, certain variants of gymnastics, where health plays a role but is not one of the main aims, cannot be included, such as military, competitive pr Olympic gymnastics. School gymnastics, a term in some Eur. languages defining in a general way different gymnastic systems applied as part of schooling, synonymous with the concept of physical education. Curative gymnastics, also kinesotherapy [ Radio gymnastics, a variant of gymnastics for health practiced following instructions given over the radio. Of necessity it must take into consideration the circumstances of the homes in which it was practiced. As a popular form of exercise, radio gymnastics began with the widespread ownership of radio sets in the late 1920. The development of TV and the sports shown on it, the advent of >AEROBICS, as well as widely available videotapes led to the disappearance of this form of gymnastics. Developmental gymnastics, any variant of gymnastics which aims at developing a child physically, shaping the desired physical and motor features. Military gymnastics, a variant of gymnastics adapted to the needs of the army. As the Pol. Historian of physical culture R. Wroczynsky writes, Military gymnastics was intended to train recruits and encompassed a system of exercises which were to guarantee them the basic physical fitness necessary for combat training Gorodki Gorodki, a traditional Russian game in which sticks resembling baseball bats are thrown at cylindrical wooden blocks arranged in var. figures. A playing field is rectangular, approx. 25-30m by 13-15m, however in spontaneous matches played on the squares and streets of Russian cities, the size limits are not observed too rigorously. The field is divided into 2 parallel lanes, each for one player. At the end of each lane, about 2.5m before the end line, a 2*2m square is marked. On improvised playing fields, the squares are drawn on the ground, whereas on permanent ones they are made of concrete whose surface is equal to the surface of the field. Similarly, the edges of the field are either drawn on the ground or marked with lime or white tape. On each lane the so-called finish and the halfway point inform the players where the run-up starts and where a throw must be executed. The distance between the finish and the halfway point is not fixed as it depends on the player’s age, sex, and skills. For boys, girls, and women, the halfway point is 5m, and the finish 10m, from the square. For men, the distances are 6.5 and 13m respectively. Throwing points at the halfway point and the finish are bordered on the sides by 2-m lines that must not be crossed during the game, which applies also to the lines marking the halfway point and the finish. A playing field is usu. situated so that behind the squares there is a wall, which makes the game easier, as the wooden blocks are not spread too far. If there is no wall, players build a small embankment made of ground, usu. 50cm tall. Permanent playing fields are situated in trenches whose walls prevent the wooden blocks from falling too far. The throwing sticks (min. 2, usu. 3 or 4) are approx. 80-100cm long, have different diameters, and are made of wood. Each player can throw only his or her own sticks. The wooden blocks that form the target are 20cm long and 4-5cm in diameter. In winter, the game is often played on ice, which makes it more dynamic as the hit blocks slide faster and farther than on the ground. The course’s borders and playing positions are then marked with blue or red paint. RULES OF THE GAME. Players throw wooden sticks, often reinforced with a wire or metal plates, at wooden blocks, arranged in certain figures according to predetermined order and patterns. The figures are constructed of 5 blocks and are thrown at in 2 games, a ‘small game’ and a ‘large game’. The small game consists of the following figures: a fence made of blocks standing vertically at a distance of about 10cm one from another, a wall – the blocks are standing vertically close to one another; sentries – one block standing vertically flanked on the right and left by two pairs of blocks arranged in a T shape placed about 20cm from the central block; a wall – 4 blocks placed horizontally forming a grate plus one standing vertically in the middle of the grate; a plane – 2 blocks form wings, 1 is the fuselage, 1 is the tail, and another one is the engine bordering with wings; a letter – 4 blocks placed horizontally, each in one corner of the square, plus 1 block standing upright in the center of the square. The large game consists of the following combinations: a letter – similar layout as in the small game but the central block lies horizontally instead of standing vertically; artillery – 1 standing block represents a commander at whose sides there are 2 cannons, each made of a block lying on the ground and another block, placed perpendicularly with one end propped against the ground and the other resting on the first block, aiming the ‘barrel’ upwards; an embankment – 3 blocks form a dashed line, the breaks equal to dashes, and behind the breaks the 2 remaining blocks form a similar line; a cannon – the barrel support, and the wheels are made of 3 blocks, 1 block is the barrel resting on the front support and the rear support; a star – a standing block is surrounded by the remaining 4 blocks lying on the ground with their heads touching the central block; a crawfish – the blocks form two V letters, placed one beside the other, whose tips are linked with the 5th block; a fork – 4 blocks make two teeth of the fork and the last block is a short handle; a sickle – 1 block is the handle and the rest of them form a semicircle joined with the handle; an arrow – 3 blocks form the arrow’s shaft and 2 blocks form its head. In the last combination, a letter, the blocks have to be knocked out of the square 3 times in each game. The block standing in the middle of the letter is referred to as ‘stamp’ or ‘seal’. To ‘unseal’ or to ‘stamp’ a letter means to knock the central block out of the square leaving the remaining blocks intact. If the letter is unsealed incorrectly, the seal is returned to its original position for the player to try again. However, each retrial implies a loss of one throwing stick. The first throw at each new figure is executed from the finish line and after knocking out even one wooden block, the thrower has the right to continue throwing standing before the halfway point line. A block is considered knocked out properly when it is moved outside the square and does not touch the square’s border with any of its parts. If a block is knocked out towards the halfway point it is called a candle and a player places it vertically on the throwing line, which converts it, on the hand, into an obstacle in knocking the remaining blocks out and, on the other, into a final target. The series of throws starts with a signal given by a referee. Two opposing teams compete on 2 parallel lanes. A throw is executed by swinging one’s arm from behind the head or the trunk of the body. The scoring can follow 2 systems:
A match consists of 3 rounds and should one team win the first 2 of them, the third round is not held. Teams are composed of 5 players. Singles are also popular, esp. during less formal meetings. HISTORY. Gorodki has traditional Folk origins and as an organized sports discipline it has been practiced in Russia (and the formed USSR) since 1923. During the period of its peak popularity, in 1939, 100 teams competed in Moscow championships. Separate summer and winter, team and singles championships were held. |
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