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Machine tools may be classified under three main categories: conventional chip-making machine-tools, presses, and unconventional machine-tools. Conventional chip-making tools shape the workpiece by cutting away the unwanted portion in the form of chips. Presses employ a number of different shaping processes, including shearing (9), pressing, or drawing (elongating).

Unconventional machine-tools employ light, electrical, chemical, and sonic energy; superheated gases; and high-energy particle beams to shape the exotic materials and alloys that have been developed to meet the needs of modern technology.

Cutting is one of the oldest arts practised in the stone age, but the cutting of metals was not found possible until the 18^th century, and its detailed study started about a hundred years ago. Modern machine-tools date from about 1775, when the English inventor John Wilkinson constructed a horizontal boring machine for producing internal cylindrical surfaces. About 1794 Henry Maudslay developed the first engine lathe. Later, Joseph Whitworth developed measuring instruments accurate to a millionth of an inch. His work was of great value because precise methods of measurement were necessary for the subsequent mass production of articles having interchangeable (10) parts.

1. 
   casting – отливка
   
2. 
   rolling – прокат
   
3. 
   welding – сварка
   
4. 
   piercing – прохождение отверстия
   
5. 
   trimming – обрезка
   
6. 
   spinning – выдавливание
   
7. 
   bending – сгибание
   
8. 
   drawing – вытягивание
   
9. 
   shearing – срезание
   
10. 
    interchangeable – взаимозаменяемый
    
11. 
    a shaper – поперечно-строгальный станок
    
12. 
    a planer – продольно-строгальный станок
    
13. 
    NC machine-tools – станки с ЧПУ
    
14. 
    Flexible manufacturing systems – гибкие автоматизированные производственные системы
    
15. 
    machinability – способность подвергаться механической обработке
    

1. 
   What are the main metal-processing operations?
   
2. 
   What are the three main categories of machine-tools?
   
3. 
   When was the first machine-tool constructed?
   
4. 
   What are unconventional machine-tools?
   

Вариант II

1. 
   Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого, укажите инфинитив. Переведите предложения.
   

1. 
   The new numerically controlled machine-tools are being installed in our shop.
   
2. 
   The alloys of non-ferrous metals were experimented in our laboratory.
   
3. 
   Each new launching of artificial satellites has been connected with the solution of fundamentally new technical and scientific problems.
   
4. 
   The old methods of research were replaced with new ones.
   

2. 
   Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
   

1. 
   An electron is a very small particle and it has a very small mass.
   
2. 
   Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.
   
3. 
   We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.
   
4. 
   The foreman is the one who teaches or instructs how the work is to be done.
   

3. 
   Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
   

1. 
   The main purpose of the computer is to solve complex problems quickly.
   
2. 
   To answer the question of how much higher or lower the temperature is requires a unit of measurement and a special kind of instrument.
   
3. 
   The device to be installed in our workshop must be checked beforehand.
   
4. 
   To start the car the key should be turned clockwise.
   

4. 
   Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
   

1. 
   We considered this equation to have had different solutions.
   
2. 
   Scientists are sure to find an appropriate answer to this question some day.
   
3. 
   This discovery is considered to be the result of a long and thorough investigation.
   
4. 
   Engineers know pure copper to be a very weak metal.
   

5. 
   Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.
   

1. 
   One mustn't be ashamed of one’s work or scorn someone else’s.
   
2. 
   Every machine wastes energy because of friction; consequently, the work put into the machine is always more than that obtained from it.
   
3. 
   That computers and robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers.
   
4. 
   The main difference between the horizontal and vertical boring machines is that one has a horizontal spindle and the other a vertical one.
   

1. 
   Today people can do all on the Internet, for it is the most efficient way to do business.
   
2. 
   The uneducated person is either unable to do something new, or does it badly.
   
3. 
   As matter and weight are closely connected we usually measure the amount of matter in an object by weighing it.
   
4. 
   Man has recognized that sunlight is a powerful source of energy since ancient times.