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A Man \Machine SystemAny form of tool or complex machine which is used by a man forms a man\machine system. The purpose of the system may be to get a man or goods from one place to another; it may be to communicate, or it may be to manufacture some useful objects. Here we try to describe a man\machine system as the machine becomes more complex and relieve the man of many mechanical tasks. Level 1 is the simple machine in which the man provides the power as well as the controlling skill. Some examples are the woodman’s axe, the carpenter’s saw, mallet (1) and chisel (2), and the hand-pulled or-pushed cart, trolley. The tool or machine is an extension (3) of the man’s body since he grasps it firmly (4) and guides its motion directly with his own muscular effort. Level 2 is the powered machine or tool. The power may come, for example, from an animal as in the case of a horse-drawn cart, from wind as for the sailing ship and the windmill. Here the man is fully responsible for controlling the system but he requires devices such as switches, pedals and steering wheels to control the power system. Level 3 is simple automation. The single-process machine or a tool with built-in (5) auto-control can perform any process whenever it is fed with raw materials by the operator. It has its own source of power. An example is the automatic lathe in use early in the 20th century. Level 4 is the man extender. These are the machines which carry out complex programmes for which they are instructed by the man. But they only do these when the man is telling them to do that particular job. One example in use at present is the digital computer which is capable of doing very quickly any operation of a very great complexity. Level 5 is the robot. This is the system which is powered and programmed to produce a succession of identical products or carry out a series of similar operations. The human can instruct the robot to vary its actions in accordance with (6) variations which it observes in the surrounding situation. Robots are able to perform repetitive tasks more quickly, cheaply and accurately than humans. Пояснения к тексту: 1. mallet – деревянный молоток 2. chisel – резец, долото 3. extension – здесь: продолжение 4. firmly – крепко, прочно 5. built –in – встроенный 6. in accordance with – в соответствии с… VI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту:
Вариант II
1. Quantum mechanics has greatly influenced the nuclear theory. 2. The students were discussing an interesting problem when the teacher came. 3. In future automatic machinery will assemble and regulate the production of devices. 4. The driver started the car after he had examined the engine.
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. There are too few people who can do manual work nowadays. 2. The exams are to start in January. 3. Many scientists claim that we ought to think much more about solar energy. 4. They might have settled the problem already. III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода придаточных предложений. 1. The lathe should be checked before it is started. 2. The valve will close when the piston reaches the bottom dead point ( нижняя точка хода). 3. The design was sent to the engineer who dealt with power transmissions. 4. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules. 5. If parts rubbing on each other are not separated by a film of a lubricant, the surface will rub and rapidly wear away. 6. We know he works at the problem of space communication. IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение интернациональных слов. 1. The discovery of the radioactive emission was of the greatest importance for research work in the field of the structure of the atom. 2. Transport still remains one of the largest branches in the general system of the world economy. 3. Engineering is a science which deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. V. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык. Engineering MaterialsEngineers have to know the best and most economical materials to use. Engineers must also understand the properties of these materials and how they can be worked. There are two kinds of materials used in engineering (1) – metals and non-metals. Metals are distinguished from non-metals by their high conductivity for heat and electricity, by metalic lustre (2) and by their resistance to electric current. Their properties, such as strength (3) and hardness (4), can be greatly improved by alloying (5) them with other metals. We can divide metals into ferrous and non-ferrous (6). The former contain iron and the latter (7) do not contain iron. Cast iron (8) and steel, which are both alloys, or mixtures of iron and carbon, are the two most important ferrous metals. There are some other important groups of metals and alloys. The common metals such as iron, copper, zinc, etc. are produced in great quantities. Aluminium, copper, and the alloys (bronze and brass) are common non-ferrous metals. The so-called precious metals include silver, gold, platinum and palladium. The light metals are aluminium, berillium and titanium. They are important in aircraft and rocket construction. Many elements are classified as semimetals (bismuth, for example) because they have much poorer conductivity than common metals. Non-metals (carbon, silicon, sulphur) in the solid state are usually brittle materials without metallic lustre and are usually poor conductors of electricity. Non-metals show greater variety of chemical properties than common metals do. Plastics and ceramics are non-metals; however plastics may be machined(9) like metals. Plastics are classified into types – thermoplastics (10) and thermosets (11). Thermoplastics can be shaped and reshaped by heat and pressure but thermosets cannot be reshaped because they undergo chemical changes as they harden (12). Engineers often employ ceramics when materials which can withstand high temperatures are needed. Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs (13) of modern technology. Scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials. For this purpose they use the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry and metallurgy. Пояснения к тексту: 1. engineering – техника, инженерное дело, машиностроение, строительство 2. lustre – блеск 3. strength – прочность 4. hardness – твердость, жесткость 5. alloying – легирование металлов 6. non-ferrous – цветной (металл) 7. the former...the latter – первый из упомянутых…, последний из упомянутых 8. cast iron - чугун 9. to be machined – подвергаться механической обработке 10. thermoplastics - термопластики 11. thermosets – термореактивные материалы 12. to harden - затвердевать 13. to meet the needs – отвечать потребностям VI. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту: 1. By what properties are metals distinguished from non-metals? 2. What groups are metals divided into? 3. What properties do non-metals have? 4. What sciences study the properties of engineering materials? Вариант III
1. Work with computers and other electronic devices requires knowledge of hardware* and software.** 2. Specialists in engineering materials have taken a new approach to the problem of the permanent nature of materials properties. 3. The technicians of our plant will increase the productivity of this experimental machine-tool. 4. We shall be watching the operation of the new machine at the laboratory tomorrow morning. *hardware – аппаратное оборудование **software – программное обеспечение
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Hand-held calculators should provide convenient computing capacity for many households, businesses and students. 2. Although no one can predict the full effect of the current information revolution, we can see changes in our daily lives. 3. We had to change the design of this machine. 4. There are a lot of unsolved problems and our scientists must solve them. III. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода придаточных предложений. 1. I shall finish my work before he comes. 2. The piston moves upwards until it reaches the top dead point (верхняя точка хода). 3. Those valves move like doors that open only one way. 4. As soon as you determine the structure of this substance, you will have to study the properties of its elements. 5. The kind of energy we are most familiar with is mechanical energy. 6. It became clear television had a great influence on people’s life. IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение интернациональных слов. 1. There are numerous ways in which industry and education can cooperate on problems of common interest. 2. The technician often works out good empirical solutions to the problems. 3. Industry usually has specialized operation. V. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык. |
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