2 Конфигурация Тема 2 Процессор

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный перевод:

1. 
   to enable
   

   1)создавать

   2)давать возможность

   3)выполнять

   4)включать в себя

2. 
   to execute
   

   1) создавать

   2) включать в себя

   3) присоединять

   4) выполнять

3. 
   common
   

   1) распространенный

   2) внешний

   3) последовательный

   4) способный

4. 
   permanent
   

   1) распространенный

   2) постоянный

   3) неспособный

   4) внешний

5. 
   to extract
   

   1) присоединять

   2) извлекать

   3) выполнять

   4) давать возможность

6. 
   sequence
   

   1) создание

   2) определенность

   3) последовательность

   4) выполнение

7. 
   certain
   

   1) общий

   2) постоянный

   3) внутренний

   4) определенный

8. 
   internal
   

   1) внутренний

   2) внешний

   3) постоянный

   4) общий

9. 
   to attach
   

   1) создавать

   2) присоединять

   3) включать в себя

   4) определять

10. 
    external
    

1) распространенный

2) внутренний

3) внешний

4) постоянный

Упражнение 2. Cлову из левого столбика подберите перевод из правого столбика:

a) certainly	1) присоединять
b) sequence	2) текущий
c) current	3) последовательность
d) to attach	4) давать возможность
e) external	5) средство
f) means	6) описание
g) to influence	7) внешний
h) to enable	8) включать
i) specification	9) конечно
j) include	10) влиять

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы по его содержанию:

Computer Structure

The definition of a computer is as follows:

A computer is a collection of resources, including digital electronic processing devices, stored programs and sets of data, which, under the control of the stored programs, automatically inputs, outputs, stores, retrieves and processes the data, and may also transmit data to and receive it from other computers. A computer is capable of drawing reasoned conclusions from the processing it carries out.

From the hardware point of view the essential features of this definition are 'a collection of ... digital electronic processing devices'.

Computers vary enormously in size, processing power and cost. Nevertheless, all computers consist of one or more functional devices, each carrying out one or more of the tasks described above. Each device performs a precisely specified task, and connects to other modules via defined interfaces. Modules of the same type of computer may be exchanged, and new modules added, without modification to their internal workings. The phrase plug-compatible describes units which may be connected in this manner.

Mainframes, Minis and Micros

very broadly speaking, there are three classes of computers, according to their size and complexity. These classes are known as mainframes, minicomputers (or minis) and microcomputers (or micros).

Mainframes are large computers, comprising a number of free-standing units. Mainframes arc generally housed in specially designed, air-conditioned rooms. Connections between the units are made by wires running beneath the floor of the room. mainframes are very powerful, and support a number of applications running concurrently. Very large mainframes are known as supercomputers.

Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes, with several functional devices mounted in a rack in a single unit. Minicomputers do not generally require an air-conditioned environment. They are often to be found in laboratories, factories and offices. Minicomputers can support more than one application running concurrently, though not as many as mainframes.

Microcomputers are the newest addition to the computer family. They are small and cheap, and are (generally) contained in a few small units. Their distinguishing feature is that processing is carried out on a single microprocessor chip. Although they are very versatile microcomputers can only support one application at any one time.

The classification of computers into mainframes, minis and micros is only very approximate. Computers are getting smaller and more powerful all the time Micros are being introduced with the capability of minis only a few years old. Minicomputers are incorporating microprocessors to assume the capability of mainframes.

1. 
   what do you understand by the expression ‘plug compatible’?
   
2. 
   Describe the way in which mainframes are usually accomodated.
   
3. 
   How are the free-standing units of a mainframe connected?
   
4. 
   Do the mainframes run applications singly?
   
5. 
   What features of a minicomputer (apart from itd size) differ from those of a mainframe?
   
6. 
   Where might one typicallt find a minicomputer in use?
   
7. 
   What is the single most distinctive feature of the microcomputer?
   
8. 
   Is it possible for a microcomputer to support more than one application running concurrently?
   
9. 
   Why do you think the writer ends by saying this classification (of computers) is only very approximate?
   

Упражнение 4. Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на выделенную терминологию:
Configuration
Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, processed the data and give the results of processing in a specified format as information.

Three basic steps are involved in the process: First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processed the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form.

Information in the form of data and program is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.

Perhaps the most influential component is the Central Processing Unit. It is to execute program functions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/ output devices.

Storage devices (floppy or hard disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners.

These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.

(E.C.U.)
Упражнение 5. Прослушайте текст и скажите, верны ли данные утверждения. Измените предложения, содержащие неправильную информацию так, чтобы они тоже стали верными.
Characteristics
Input Computer Output



Sec. Storage

Figure 1.

1. 
   All information to be processed must be prepared in such a way that the computer will understand it.
   
2. 
   Because of the complex electronic circuitry of a computer, data can be either stored or moved about at high speeds.
   
3. 
   Not all computers can process data given to them and produce results.
   
4. 
   The basic concepts of data processing are restricted to computer alone.
   
5. 
   The processor is the central component of a computer system.
   
6. 
   All other devices used in a computer system are attached to the CPU.
   
7. 
   Memory devices are used for storing information.
   
8. 
   Computers are very much restricted in what they can do.
   
9. 
   Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to operate them than in the past.
   
10. 
    Computers haven’t changed our working conditions very much.
    

Упражнение 6. Приведенным ниже терминам подберите соответствующее объяснение:

software; b) floppy disk; c) output;

d) peripheral devices; e) hardware; f) Central Processing Unit

g) monitor; h) input; i) port.

1. 
   The brain of the computer.
   
2. 
   Physical parts that make up a computer system.
   
3. 
   Programs which can be used on particular computer system.
   
4. 
   The information which is presented to the computer.
   
5. 
   Results produced by a computer.
   
6. 
   Hardware equipment attached to the CPU.
   
7. 
   Visual display unit.
   
8. 
   Small device used to store information. Same as ‘diskette’.
   
9. 
   Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected.
   

Упражнение 7.

а) Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их:
to direct and control signals;

storage location;

to enter the information into the computer;

to display the results;

direct access.
b) Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на терминологию. Приведите русские эквиваленты выделенным терминам, при необходимости воспользуйтесь специальным словарем.
A computer has four basic components: input, processor, memory and output. The processor has two parts: the control unit, which directs and controls the signals and commands inside the processor, and the arithmetic-logical unit which does the five arithmetic operations and the three decision-making operations.

In a computer, internal memory or primary memory refers to the storage locations inside the computer whereas secondary memory refers to the storage embodied in the peripherals. The types of internal memory: core, as in the mainframes; semiconductor or chip, as in microcomputers. Secondary memory, on the other hand, may be classified as either sequential (tape) or direct-access (disk).

The input devices enter the information into the computer. After the processor has operated on it, the output devices display the results of the computations on a printer or a terminal, or store them on disk.
Упражнение 8. Используя диаграмму, заполните пропуски в приведенном ниже тексте:
A Computer system


Processor

Primary memory

CPU






Control unit

Arithmetic-logic unit



Register

Decoder

Counter

Clock

Registers

Binary adder

Circuitry






Input


Output




Tape drive

Disk drive

Terminal

Printer

Terminal


Secondary memory




Sequential

Random access



Tape

Disk

A computer, has four basic components: input, processor, memory, and output. The CPU consists of two parts: the 1_____, which directs and controls the signals and commands inside the processor, and the 2______ unit, which does the arithmetic operations and the decision-making operations. While the 3_____ is made up of a 4_____, a 5_____, a 6_____, and a 7_____, the 8_____ is composed of 9_____, a 10_____, and 11_____.

In a computer, internal memory or 12_____ refers to the storage locations inside the computer, whereas 13_____ refers to the storage embodied in the peripherals. 14_____ may be divided into 15_____ (16_____) and 17_____ (18_____). The 19_____ devices can be either a 20_____, a 21_____, or a 22_____. These devices enter information into the computer. After the processor has operated on it, the 23_____ devices display the results of the computations on either a 24_____ or a 25_____, or store them on tape or disk for future use.

(O.E.C.)
Упражнение 9. Заполните пропуски, используя данные слова:

processing	input	output
single-purpose	hardware	processor
secondary memory	magnetic tape	magnetic disk
personnel

1. 
   Information … takes place in the … not in the … device or … device.
   
2. 
   The … refers to all the electromechanical devices used in a computer installation.
   
3. 
   … and … units are used as … storage devices.
   
4. 
   A computer isn’t usually a … machine and may require specialized … to operate it and all its related equipment.
   

Упражнение 10. Дайте общую характеристику структуры компьютера, используя информацию текстов и свои знания.
Тема 2.2. Процессор

Active Vocabulary

Упражнение 11. Выберите правильный перевод:

1. 
   rapid
   

1. 
   равный, 2) общий, 3) быстрый, 4) правильный;
   

2. 
   order
   

1) вызов, 2) обслуживание, 3) поиск, 4) порядок;

3. 
   transfer
   

1) пересылка, 2) обслуживание, 3)равенство, 4) поток;

4. 
   regular
   

1. 
   равный, 2) общий, 3) быстрый, 4) правильный;
   

5. 
   equal
   

1. 
   равный, 2) общий, 3) быстрый, 4) правильный;
   

6. 
   maintenance
   

1) вызов, 2) обслуживание, 3) поиск, 4) порядок;

7. 
   to make up
   

1) пересылать, 2) выбирать, 3) составлять, 4) выполнять;

8. 
   to carry out
   

1. 
   пересылать, 2) выбирать, 3) составлять, 4) выполнять.
   

Упражнение 12. Cлову из левого столбика подберите перевод из правого столбика:

a) maintenance	1) быстрый
b) sequence	2) поддерживать
c) regular	3) обслуживание
d) to transfer	4) равный
e) rapid	5) определенный
f) to support	6) правильный
g) certain	7) упорядочить
h) to retrieve	8) последовательность
i) equal	9) находить (данные)
j) to order	10) пересылать

Упражнение 13.

1. 
   Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их:
   

transfer rate;

transfer time;

data retrieval;

function key;

disk drives;

tape drives.

2. 
   Прочитайте текст, затем предложения 1-7. Определите, какие из них содержат верную информацию. Выпишите и переведите термины:
   

What’s inside a computer?
The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – an integrated circuit – which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts:

1. 
   the Control Unit, which examines the instructions and causes the circuits and the rest of the components – disk drives, monitor, etc. – to be activated to execute the functions specified;
   
2. 
   the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs mathematical calculations (+,-,etc.);
   
3. 
   the registers, which are high-speed units of memory used to store information. One of these registers is the Program Counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be performed in the main memory. Another is the Instruction Register (IR) which holds the instruction that is currently being executed.
   

One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a time.

The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into the main memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed. Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary memory devices (disks) and transfers a copy of the application into the RAM area. RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, the ROM section (Read Only Memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the processor.

Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to install acceleration cards or co-processors. As the word implies, an acceleration card is a board that increases the processor speed. A co-processor is a silicon chip that performs precise task and mathematical operations at a very high speed.

The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its microprocessor.

A clock provides pulses at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize circuits and units. The clock speed is measured in MHz (megahertz) and refers to the frequency at which pulses are emitted.

1. 
   The CPU directs and coordinates the activities taking place within the computer system.
   
2. 
   The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs calculation on the data.
   
3. 
   A chip is an electronic device composed of silicon elements containing a set of integrated circuits.
   
4. 
   RAM, ROM and secondary memory are the components of the main memory.
   
5. 
   Information cannot be processed by microprocessor if it is not loaded into the main memory.
   
6. 
   ‘Permanent’ storage of information is provided by RAM.
   
7. 
   The speed of the microprocessor is measured in megahertz. One MHz is equivalent to one million cycles per second.
   

(E.C.U.)
Упражнение 14.
a) Прочитайте текст, выпишите и переведите термины:
The Central Processing Unit.
It is common practice in computer science for the words “computer” and “processor” to be used interchangeably. More precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit(CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory or main storage, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufacturers design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operation should be carried out and in what order. The CPU can also retrieve information from memory and can store the results of manipulation back into the memory unit for later reference.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit(CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or step-by-step operation of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The arithmetic-logical unit, on the other hand, is that portion of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed. It also performs some kinds of logical operation such as comparing or selecting information. All the operations of the ALU are under the direction of the control unit.

Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located on secondary memory devices such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console, where manual control operations can be performed by an operator. The console is an important, but special purpose, piece of equipment. It is used mainly when the computer is being started up, or during maintenance and repair. Many mini and micro systems do not have a console.

(E.C.S.)
b) Просмотрите текст вновь и скажите, верны ли данные утверждения. Измените предложения, содержащие неправильную информацию так, чтобы они тоже стали верными.

1. 
   The central processing unit is made up of three components.
   
2. 
   The CPU is responsible for all the activities taking place within a computer.
   
3. 
   The processor itself has three components.
   
4. 
   The control unit directs the flow of information within the processor.
   
5. 
   The arithmetic-logical unit of the processor is responsible for the interpretation of program instructions.
   
6. 
   The arithmetic-logical unit is also responsible for choosing and comparing appropriate information within a program.
   
7. 
   The processor cannot operate on any information if that information is not in main storage.
   
8. 
   Secondary memory and internal memory are located in the same place in the computer system.
   
9. 
   Only after the data has been processed by the CPU can results be transmitted to an output device.
   
10. 
    Computers can solve problems more quickly if they operate on new information.
    

c) Найдите в тексте:
A) синонимы следующим словам:

specific; decides; job; movement; situated

B) антонимы следующим словам:

exceptional; generally; not needed; taken out; shut down.
Упражнение 15. Прослушайте текст и скажите, верны ли данные утверждения:
The Control Unit and the Arithmetic-Logical Unit.

1. 
   The basic components of a computer cannot operate without commands from the control unit.
   
2. 
   Programs and data on which the control unit and the arithmetic-logical unit operate must be in internal memory in order to be processed.
   
3. 
   The control unit and the arithmetic-logical unit are part of the processor.
   
4. 
   The control unit directs the movement in information between the arithmetic-logical unit and main storage.
   
5. 
   Binary arithmetic is not performed by the control unit.
   
6. 
   There are more components belonging to the arithmetic-logical unit than to the control unit.
   
7. 
   The arithmetic logical unit does not always transfer the results immediately to memory.
   
8. 
   The arithmetic unit and the logical unit do not perform the same types of operations.
   
9. 
   The logical unit can decide whether a number is equal to, greater than or less than another number.
   
10. 
    Without the decision-making function, a computer would simply be a large adding machine.
    

Упражнение 16. Подберите утверждения (правая колонка), соответствующие данным терминам (левая колонка):

Counter Register Decoder Clock Binary arithmetic Control unit Arithmetic unit Logic unit Registers Arithmetic-logical unit

does the calculation necessary to solve the problem temporarily hold results before transferring to memory temporarily holds the instruction does the decision-making operations produces timing marks does the calculations and makes decision to solve problems directs movement of information between memory and arithmetic unit breaks down the coded information to be handled based on 0 and 1 chooses the instruction

Упражнение 17. Заполните таблицу, используя информацию текста (упр.14):

	parts	Functions
Control unit	1. 2. 3. 4.	selects holds breaks down produces
Arithmetic-logical unit	1. 2. 3.	holds carries out and 1) 2)=another 3) number

Упражнение 18. Прочитайте текст о структуре процессора и заполните пропуски, используя слова, приведенные ниже: