Скачать 475.21 Kb.
|
МОДУЛЬ 2. “Hardware” Во втором модуле описаны основные компоненты компьютерной системы: процессор, память, устройства ввода / вывода. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Базовое содержание модуля Научно-тематический обзор модуля Тема 2.1. Конфигурация Тема 2.2 Процессор Тема 2.3. Память. Тема 2.4. Устройства ввода и вывода Ключи к заданиям Литература Базовое содержание модуля составляющие компьютерной системы. Основные компоненты компьютерной системы. Конфигурация. Характеристики. Структура процессора. Устройство управления. Арифметико-логическое устройство. Единицы измерения памяти. RAM, ROM. Виды памяти. Диски и дисководы. Жесткий диск, дискета, оптические технологии. Основные устройства ввода: клавиатура, «мышь», сканеры; другие устройства. Устройства вывода: монитор, принтер, графопостроитель. Тема 2.1. Конфигурация Active Vocabulary to attach attachment certain certainty certainly common common sense current currently electric current to embody to enable able unable ability disability to execute execution executor executive to extract extraction to feed food to include to influence influence influential internal external means by means of permanent to regard regard regardless sequence sequential to specify specific specification Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный перевод:
Упражнение 2. Cлову из левого столбика подберите перевод из правого столбика:
Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы по его содержанию: Computer StructureThe definition of a computer is as follows: A computer is a collection of resources, including digital electronic processing devices, stored programs and sets of data, which, under the control of the stored programs, automatically inputs, outputs, stores, retrieves and processes the data, and may also transmit data to and receive it from other computers. A computer is capable of drawing reasoned conclusions from the processing it carries out. From the hardware point of view the essential features of this definition are 'a collection of ... digital electronic processing devices'. Computers vary enormously in size, processing power and cost. Nevertheless, all computers consist of one or more functional devices, each carrying out one or more of the tasks described above. Each device performs a precisely specified task, and connects to other modules via defined interfaces. Modules of the same type of computer may be exchanged, and new modules added, without modification to their internal workings. The phrase plug-compatible describes units which may be connected in this manner. Mainframes, Minis and Microsvery broadly speaking, there are three classes of computers, according to their size and complexity. These classes are known as mainframes, minicomputers (or minis) and microcomputers (or micros). Mainframes are large computers, comprising a number of free-standing units. Mainframes arc generally housed in specially designed, air-conditioned rooms. Connections between the units are made by wires running beneath the floor of the room. mainframes are very powerful, and support a number of applications running concurrently. Very large mainframes are known as supercomputers. Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes, with several functional devices mounted in a rack in a single unit. Minicomputers do not generally require an air-conditioned environment. They are often to be found in laboratories, factories and offices. Minicomputers can support more than one application running concurrently, though not as many as mainframes. Microcomputers are the newest addition to the computer family. They are small and cheap, and are (generally) contained in a few small units. Their distinguishing feature is that processing is carried out on a single microprocessor chip. Although they are very versatile microcomputers can only support one application at any one time. The classification of computers into mainframes, minis and micros is only very approximate. Computers are getting smaller and more powerful all the time Micros are being introduced with the capability of minis only a few years old. Minicomputers are incorporating microprocessors to assume the capability of mainframes.
Упражнение 4. Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на выделенную терминологию: Configuration Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, processed the data and give the results of processing in a specified format as information. Three basic steps are involved in the process: First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processed the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form. Information in the form of data and program is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals. Perhaps the most influential component is the Central Processing Unit. It is to execute program functions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/ output devices. Storage devices (floppy or hard disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer. On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners. These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration. (E.C.U.) Упражнение 5. Прослушайте текст и скажите, верны ли данные утверждения. Измените предложения, содержащие неправильную информацию так, чтобы они тоже стали верными. Characteristics Input Computer Output Sec. Storage Figure 1.
Упражнение 6. Приведенным ниже терминам подберите соответствующее объяснение:
Упражнение 7. а) Прочитайте словосочетания и переведите их: to direct and control signals; storage location; to enter the information into the computer; to display the results; direct access. b) Прочитайте текст, обращая внимание на терминологию. Приведите русские эквиваленты выделенным терминам, при необходимости воспользуйтесь специальным словарем. A computer has four basic components: input, processor, memory and output. The processor has two parts: the control unit, which directs and controls the signals and commands inside the processor, and the arithmetic-logical unit which does the five arithmetic operations and the three decision-making operations. In a computer, internal memory or primary memory refers to the storage locations inside the computer whereas secondary memory refers to the storage embodied in the peripherals. The types of internal memory: core, as in the mainframes; semiconductor or chip, as in microcomputers. Secondary memory, on the other hand, may be classified as either sequential (tape) or direct-access (disk). The input devices enter the information into the computer. After the processor has operated on it, the output devices display the results of the computations on a printer or a terminal, or store them on disk. Упражнение 8. Используя диаграмму, заполните пропуски в приведенном ниже тексте: A Computer system Processor Primary memory CPU Control unit Arithmetic-logic unit Register Decoder Counter Clock Registers Binary adder Circuitry Input Output Tape drive Disk drive Terminal Printer Terminal Secondary memory Sequential Random access Tape Disk A computer, has four basic components: input, processor, memory, and output. The CPU consists of two parts: the 1_____, which directs and controls the signals and commands inside the processor, and the 2______ unit, which does the arithmetic operations and the decision-making operations. While the 3_____ is made up of a 4_____, a 5_____, a 6_____, and a 7_____, the 8_____ is composed of 9_____, a 10_____, and 11_____. In a computer, internal memory or 12_____ refers to the storage locations inside the computer, whereas 13_____ refers to the storage embodied in the peripherals. 14_____ may be divided into 15_____ (16_____) and 17_____ (18_____). The 19_____ devices can be either a 20_____, a 21_____, or a 22_____. These devices enter information into the computer. After the processor has operated on it, the 23_____ devices display the results of the computations on either a 24_____ or a 25_____, or store them on tape or disk for future use. (O.E.C.) Упражнение 9. Заполните пропуски, используя данные слова:
Упражнение 10. Дайте общую характеристику структуры компьютера, используя информацию текстов и свои знания. Тема 2.2. Процессор Active Vocabulary to call to call for call to carry to carry out code coding to encode to decode decoder to coordinate coordination coordinated equal to equal to equalize equality to flow flow to function function functional functionality to interpret interpretation interpreter to maintain maintenance to make to make up make-up manual to manufacture manufacture manufacturer to order order in order to rapid rapidly to register register regular to retrieve retrieval to transfer transfer Упражнение 11. Выберите правильный перевод:
1) вызов, 2) обслуживание, 3) поиск, 4) порядок;
1) пересылка, 2) обслуживание, 3)равенство, 4) поток;
1) вызов, 2) обслуживание, 3) поиск, 4) порядок;
1) пересылать, 2) выбирать, 3) составлять, 4) выполнять;
Упражнение 12. Cлову из левого столбика подберите перевод из правого столбика:
Упражнение 13.
transfer rate; transfer time; data retrieval; function key; disk drives; tape drives.
What’s inside a computer? The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the Central Processing Unit, or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – an integrated circuit – which executes program instructions and supervises the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts:
One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a time. The programs and data which pass through the central processor must be loaded into the main memory (also called the internal memory) in order to be processed. Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks for it on secondary memory devices (disks) and transfers a copy of the application into the RAM area. RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, i.e. its information is lost when the computer is turned off. However, the ROM section (Read Only Memory) is permanent and contains instructions needed by the processor. Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow users to install acceleration cards or co-processors. As the word implies, an acceleration card is a board that increases the processor speed. A co-processor is a silicon chip that performs precise task and mathematical operations at a very high speed. The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by the speed of its microprocessor. A clock provides pulses at fixed intervals to measure and synchronize circuits and units. The clock speed is measured in MHz (megahertz) and refers to the frequency at which pulses are emitted.
(E.C.U.) Упражнение 14. a) Прочитайте текст, выпишите и переведите термины: The Central Processing Unit. It is common practice in computer science for the words “computer” and “processor” to be used interchangeably. More precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit(CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory or main storage, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufacturers design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer. The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operation should be carried out and in what order. The CPU can also retrieve information from memory and can store the results of manipulation back into the memory unit for later reference. In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit(CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off. The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or step-by-step operation of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit. The arithmetic-logical unit, on the other hand, is that portion of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed. It also performs some kinds of logical operation such as comparing or selecting information. All the operations of the ALU are under the direction of the control unit. Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located on secondary memory devices such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory. Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console, where manual control operations can be performed by an operator. The console is an important, but special purpose, piece of equipment. It is used mainly when the computer is being started up, or during maintenance and repair. Many mini and micro systems do not have a console. (E.C.S.) b) Просмотрите текст вновь и скажите, верны ли данные утверждения. Измените предложения, содержащие неправильную информацию так, чтобы они тоже стали верными.
c) Найдите в тексте: A) синонимы следующим словам: specific; decides; job; movement; situated B) антонимы следующим словам: exceptional; generally; not needed; taken out; shut down. Упражнение 15. Прослушайте текст и скажите, верны ли данные утверждения: The Control Unit and the Arithmetic-Logical Unit.
Упражнение 16. Подберите утверждения (правая колонка), соответствующие данным терминам (левая колонка):
Упражнение 17. Заполните таблицу, используя информацию текста (упр.14):
Упражнение 18. Прочитайте текст о структуре процессора и заполните пропуски, используя слова, приведенные ниже: |
Технические требования для размещения на сайте kommersant ru Цп (центральный процессор). Загрузка должна составлять не более 20% (пиками не более 30%, но не в начале ролика). При тестировании... |
Технические требования для размещения на сайте kommersant ru Цп (центральный процессор). Загрузка должна составлять не более 20% (пиками не более 30%, но не в начале ролика). При тестировании... |
||
Технические требования для размещения на сайте kommersant ru Цп (центральный процессор). Загрузка должна составлять не более 20% (пиками не более 30%, но не в начале ролика). При тестировании... |
Конфигурация программы конфигурация программы обучение Должна быть способна работать с отсканированными картами. Многие страны не имеют доступа к хорошим cd-сборникам карт |
||
2 0 мая 2015 года г. Санкт-Петербург Новый планшет X pad navi 10... Планшетный компьютер x-pad navi 10 3G имеет двухъядерный процессор MediaTek mt8312, Cortex A7, 3 ггц и графический двухъядерный процессор... |
Отчет №08С об испытаниях для целей сертификации средства измерений... «Процессор систем телемеханики энс-тм «ас калина», которое разработано ООО «нпф «энергоналадка-сервис», г. Екатеринбург |
||
Процессор cpu amd athlon II x3 460 |
Тема Основные термины и понятия дисциплины 4 Тема Информация и бизнес 8 Тема Технология и практика взаимодействия пользователей с мировыми ресурсами через сетевые структуры 30 |
||
Коммерческое предложение На последующих страницах предлагается Ваша индивидуальная конфигурация автомобиля |
Gtr- 44RT,84 rt,164RT Мощный процессор и операционная система Linux с великолепной стабильностью и надежностью |
||
Инструкция Технические характеристики Мощный процессор и операционная система Linux с великолепной стабильностью и надежностью |
Инструкция по ремонту москва Микросхема tda93xx – однокристальный процессор обработки сигналов и микроконтроллер управления 9 |
||
Инструкция по работе с рабочей тетрадью Базовая аппаратная конфигурация пк. Компоненты системного блока. Периферийные устройства пк |
Инструкция по запросу на сертификат Оглавление Процессор с тактовой частотой не менее 400 мгц, рекомендуемая оперативная память от 512 Мбайт |
||
Инструкция по установке, эксплуатации и уходу (является неотъемлемой... Состав и конфигурация набора мебели для кухни определяется покупателем |
Программа управления азс «родник-2» Контрольно-кассовая машина «Дон-002Ф» с пакетом прикладных программ «родник», базовая конфигурация |
Поиск |