Mental retardation
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The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) I.1. The text you are going to read is about the Intelligence Quotient (IQ). What do you already know about it? If you were to deal with such topic, what would you speak about? 2. Pay attention to the following terms used in the text: intelligence tests – тест на оценку интеллектуального развития; in the field of psychology – в области психологии; to accept – принимать; to assess – допускать; a scale – шкала, рамка; to calculate – считать, подсчитывать; to take smth. into account – принимать во внимание; computation – подсчет голосов, подведение итогов; to take place – иметь место, происходить; a constant – константа, постоянная единица; life span – на протяжении всей жизни; to divide – делить; to multiply – умножать; to be equal – быть равным; a score – балл, результат; to supervise – проводить под наблюдением; interchangeable – взаимозаменимый; a relative number – относительная цифра, единица; to illustrate – показывать, преподносить; to weight – весить, быть ч.-л.равным; bias – несправедливый; to make claims – утверждение (недоказанное). 3. Pay attention to the following names used in the text: Binet and Simon Alpha and Beta the Wechsler II.1. Find the following English equivalents in the text: - в начале двадцатого века; - Первая Мировая Война; - в последние годы; - широко распространенный; - качество; - поправка на возраст; - биологический возраст; - возраст развития; - процентное оценивание (ранжирование); - расшифровывать результаты; - иметь ясный ум в критических ситуациях; - превосходить к.-л. в ч.-л. Use dictionary if necessary. 2. Read the text: The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) The first intelligence tests were used in the field of psychology. The scales designed by Binet and Simon were the first intelligent tests that became widely accepted at the beginning of the 20th century. The Alpha and Beta army tests that were used in World war l to assess military personnel became very popular. In recent years, the Wechsler scales are the most wildly used instruments in the field of psychology for measuring intelligence. The designer of these tests, Wechsler, published his first scale in the 1930s. He used material from the Binet Alpha and Beta tests to make his test. An important feature of his test was that when calculating the IQ, this test took age into account. In other words, in the computation of the IQ, an age-correction takes place. Because of this feature, the IQ stays constant over the life span. IQ (intelligence quotient) = (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100. The IQ of a child between the ages of 5 to 16 years old is calculated by dividing the child’s mental age by his chronological age and then multiplying the results by 100. If a 10 year old child performs mentally at a 10 year old level, the IQ is calculated as 10 divided by 10 equaling 1, and multiplying the 1 by 100 equals an IQ of 100. If the 10 year old child mentally performs at a 20 year old level, then 20 over 10 equals 2, and multiplying 2 by 100 equals an IQ score of 200. Adult IQ is calculated by supervised IQ testing. Adult IQ scores are specific to each IQ test and are not interchangeable between one IQ test and another. Membership qualifications to most high IQ societies require percentile ratings instead of IQ scores. The IQ formula (MA/CA) х100=IQ was created as an indicator, not based on mathematical rules. IQ scores are relative numbers, of no real measurement other than to show relative differences of measurable mental performance between different people taking similar tests. An IQ tells you what your score is on a particular intelligence test, compared to your age-group. The test has a mean score of 100 points and a standard deviation of 15 points. What does this standard deviation mean? It means that 68 percent of the population score IQ within the interval 85-115 and that 95 percent of the population scores within the interval 70-130. An easy way to interpret an IQ is to use the following rules:
Men and women have statistically significant differences in average scores on tests of particular abilities. Studies also illustrate consistently greater variance in the performance of men compared to that of women (i.e., men are more represented at the extremes of performance). IQ tests are weight on these sex differences so there is no bias on average in favor of one sex; however the consistent difference in variance is not removed. Because the tests are defined so there is no average difference it is difficult to put any meaning on a statement that one sex has a higher intelligence than the other. However some people have made claims like this even using unbiased IQ tests. For instance claims that men tend to outperform women on average by 3-4 IQ points based on tests of medical students where the greater variance of men’s IQ can be expected to contribute to the result, or where a ’correction’ is made for different maturation ages. III.1. Answer the questions:
2. Say whether the following statements are true or false: 1) IQ tests are widely used all around the world. 2) IQ score changes within the life span. 3) The first intelligent tests that became widely accepted at the beginning of the 20th century. 4) The Wechsler scales are the most wildly used instruments in the field of psychology for measuring intelligence. 5) IQ test takes age into account. 6) Age-correction takes place for IQ scores. 7) The IQ of a child between the ages of 15 to 16 years old is calculated by dividing the child’s mental age by his chronological age and then multiplying the results by 100. 8) The test has a mean score of 100 points and a standard deviation of 15 points. 9) Men and women have statistically significant differences in scores on tests of particular abilities. 10) IQ tests are weight on sex differences so there is no bias on average in favor of one sex. 3. Continue the sentences: 1) The first intelligence tests… 2) The scales… 3) In recent years… 4) The IQ of a child… 5) Adult IQ is… 6) The IQ formula… 7) An IQ tells… 8) An easy way to interpret an IQ… 9) Men and women… 10) IQ tests are weight… 4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text: The IQ of a … between the ages of 5 to 16 years old is … by dividing the child’s … age by his … age and then … the results by 100. If a 10 year old child performs … at a 10 year old level, the IQ is … as 10 divided by 10 equaling 1, and … the 1 by 100 equals an IQ of 100. If the 10 year old child … performs at a 20 year old level, then 20 over 10 equals 2, and … 2 by 100 equals an IQ score of 200. Adult IQ is … by supervised IQ testing. Adult IQ scores are specific to each IQ test and are not interchangeable between one IQ test and another. Membership qualifications to most high IQ societies require … ratings instead of IQ scores. 5. Give synonyms from the text: - not to change within the life; - to count; - to give certain results; - to add one number several times; - to cut one number into several parts; - to have almost equal mental capacities. 8. Make up one sentence with each word from ex I (2) and II (1). 9. Make up five types of questions on the text. 10. Render the text in English: Мужчины и женщины имеют разный уровень интеллектуального развития. Исследования также подтверждают большие расхождения IQ у мужчин по сравнению с женщинами (например, мужчины показывают результаты лучше в ситуациях, требующих психологической концентрации). IQ тесты учитывают половую принадлежность, поэтому авторов нельзя упрекнуть в предвзятом отношении к тому или иному полу; тем не менее сами задания не очень отличаются. Так как задания для мужчин и женщин составлены таким образом, что между ними почти нет разницы, нет оснований утверждать, что один пол превосходит другой в интеллектуальном развитии. Тем не менее некоторые исследователи выдвигали такие теории, но они не нашли подтверждения. 11. Make the written translation of the text.
2. Pay attention to the following terms in the text: intelligence Quotient – интеллектуальный коэффициент; intellectual capacities – умственные, интеллектуальные способности; idiot – идиот; imbecile – имбецил; moron - дебил; borderline - дебил; intelligence test scores – показатель, результат интеллектуального теста; speech functions – речевые функции; soiling – пачкаться, грязниться; bladder and bowel functions – функции диуреза и дефикации.
Use dictionary if necessary. 2. Read the text: Traditionally mentally retarded children have been classified on the basis of intellectual capacities into four major categories: idiots, imbeciles, moron, and borderline. The exact limits of each of these categories are not agreed upon by authorities. The general characteristics of each of the categories are, however, fairly well established. The lowest category of mentally retarded children is the idiot level. In terms of IQ the range is usually given as from 0 to 30. The diagnosis of “idiot” depends upon many factors besides the IQ score. Children falling in this category are usually unable to care for themselves in even the most elementary manner. They cannot learn to dress themselves and may not, in many instances, be able to feed themselves in an adequate manner. They have to be constantly protected from physical dangers and supervised in many other ways. Speech functions are retarded and remain at a primitive level. Many idiots are mute and never develop speech function. Soiling is quite frequent and inability to control both bladder and bowel functions is not rare. These children cannot profit from the usual special class programmes and at an adult age are not able to take care of themselves. They need continued custodial care throughout life. The next highest category is that of imbecile. In terms of IQ the range is usually given as from 30 to 50. The child ranking at or near the upper limit of the imbecile range is able with some help to learn to dress himself. He is also able to learn after an intensive training period to control both bladder and bowel functions. He learns to feed himself, although at a later age than does the child of average intellectual capacities. Speech functions are mastered, although they are very simple. Vocabulary remains at a very rudimentary level, but the high grade imbecile can learn to read a few words, and can, with considerable help, learn to write his name and a few simple words. Such a child can eventually be taught to do some simple tasks, and occasionally develops special skills in some art or craft. However, an imbecile can never adequately function by himself in the society and needs a great deal of close supervision, attention and continuous help. Ranking above the imbecile level is the moron – the level at which the greatest percentage of retarded children rank. The range of IQ is usually given as from 50 to 70. The high-grade moron usually learns to dress himself adequately, has no great problems in establishing either bowel or bladder control, and does not usually soil himself. He feeds himself and is attentive to his surroundings. Speech functions, even though at a lowered level, are usually adequate, and he learns to read and write at an elementary manner. He can profit from the experiences of the special class, and in general is capable of reaching a school reading achievement level equivalent to the fourth grade. He learns to do many manual tasks and, with help, is certainly capable of holding a simple job. With proper guidance, training and help he can eventually support himself, but he needs guidance throughout life. Many individuals at this level marry and have families, but function best if they are given the continued support and help of an understanding person. Children ranking at a borderline level are not classified as mentally retarded, but they do have difficulties in making an adequate adjustment to the demands of daily life. The range of IQ of this group is usually given as from 70 to 80. The area of greatest manifest difficulty of borderline children is that of academic achievements. They are slow in learning such material. In particular, great difficulties are experienced with such school subjects as reading and arithmetic. Usually they are “carried along” at school and fail many grades. Frequently they are promoted solely on the basis of their age and size. They sometimes get as far as the high-school grades. Appropriate school programmes for such children are usually not available. This is unfortunate because they would profit from specially modified school programmes.
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