Практикум по курсу “ история английского языка” учебно-методические материалы

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Название	Практикум по курсу “ история английского языка” учебно-методические материалы
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MIDDLE ENGLISH SYNTAX

1. What type of syntactic bond is exemplified in the following ME phrases? What is the grammatical meaning of the inflexion –e in each phrase?

1) fresshe floures “fresh flowers” 2) þe gode kyng “the good king” 3) shoures soote “showers sweet”.
2. Compare the underlined phrases in the two sentences given below to determine which of the examples is of an earlier period.

Cnihtes feollen adun and Zirnden heore dæðes. “Knights fell down and yearned for their death”.
… ne Zierneð to none þinge bute after godes wille. “… yearn for nothing except God’s will”.

3. What former adverbs are used as prepositions in the following phrases?

hir yelow heer was broyded in a tresse bihynde hir bak,… “her yellow hair was braided in a tress behind her back,…”. 2) And al his hoost in armes hym bisyde. “And all his host of men-at-arms around”. 3) Out of the gospel he tho wordes caughte… “He took those words out of the Gospel…”.

4. In the sentences given pick out infinitival and participial constructions and analyse their structure.

His hors he lette irnan. “He let his horse run”. 2) The King dede the mayden arise. “The king caused the maiden to rise up”. 3) He herde hem speke… “He heard them speak…”. 4) He fond her maidenes al slepend. “He found her maidens all sleeping”. 5) … ðe makieð ðe herte … sobbiende… “… which makes the heart sob…”. 6) Out of þat pitte þai feld comande a foule smoke. “Out of that pit they felt coming a foul smoke”. 7) … that I see yond in the garden romen to and fro… “that I see roaming the garden to and fro…”.

5. Comment on the way subordinate clauses are introduced in the examples given below.

1) Whan that Apprille with his shoures soote… “When April with its sweet showers…”. 2) How that Joseph was boght and sold. “How Joseph was bought and sold”. 3) … why that the fifthe man was noon husbonde to the Samaritan? “… why the fifth man was no husband to the Samaritan?”. 4) Seth bigan to thinc for qui (OE hwy) þat þis tre bicom sua dri. “Seth began to think why this tree had become so dry”.
6. Compare Alfred’s and Chaucer’s translations of an extract from Boethius’ “Consolatio Philisophiae”. What changes in syntax seem to have taken place between Alfred’s time and Chaucer’s?

Ac wit sculon þeah Zit dēōplicor ymbe þæt bēōn. Ic nat ful Zearn ymb hwæt þū Zyt tweost;… . 2) But let seken depper: I conjecte þat þere lakkeþ I not what. “The two of us will have to inquire more deeply into this. I do not know clearly what you are still doubtful about…”.

7. Analyse the structure of the following sentences.

Bot war thee well that thou ne lieve al that thou sest tofore thin yhe. “But guard yourself well that you do not believe everything you see before your eyes”. 2) … for agenes him risen sona þa rice men þe wæron swikes. “… for against him arose immediately those powerful men who were traitors”. 3) Sume ieden on ælmes þe waren sum wile rice men. “Some went begging who had formerly been wealthy men”. 4) This lusty squier, servant to Venus which that ycleped was Aurelius. “This lusty squier servant to Venus who was called Aurelius”. 5) Thanne shal I yeve Emelya to wyve to whom that Fortune yeveth so fair a grace. “Then I shall give Emelia to wife to the one that Fortune has given so far a grace”. 6) It is better wroght then I coude haif thoght. “It is better than I could have thought”. 7) With hym ther was a Plowman, was his brother… “With him there was a Plowman, who was his brother…”. 8) And I shal klinken you so merry a belle that I shal waken al this companye. “And I shall ring so merry a bell for you that I shall waken all this company”.

8. Paraphrase the following ME examples into current idiom.

1) The kyng aligte of his stede. 2) His men he tolde of that cas. 3) Thanne Erode seeynge that he was scorned, or disceyved, of the kyngis, was greatly wroth… 4) … end weren eal to gredi of seolver end of golde.
9. Give MnE equivalents of the ME phrases listed below.

hym oghte; me were levere; deliteth hym; hym liste ride soo; me thynketh.
10. State the type of word order in the following ME sentences.

1) And se kyng hit him iætte. “And the king bestowed it on him”. 2) So þicke is þrinne þe posternesse þet me hire mei grapin. “So thick is the three-fold darkness that one may touch it”. 3) … þaræftor … þa geaf se eorl him þone abbotrice. “… thereafter … then gave the earl to him the abbotry”. 4) Đa beiæt he þone ærcebiscoprice of Besencun. “Then obtained he the archbishopric of Besencun”.

MODERN ENGLISH PHONETICS
1. Explain the presence of the mute –e in the following words and give their ME equivalents.

1) late 2) house 3) none 4) whole 5) home 6) mouse 7) bone 8) stone 9) mine 10) whale.
2. Write the current forms of these ME words.

1) kerven 2) sterre 3) sterven 4) derk 5) clerk 6) sergeant 7) fer 8) ferm 9) herte 10) certeyn 11) universitee 12) stern.
3. The following are phonetic transcriptions of ME words. Write their current developments: a) in phonetic transcription and; b) in normal orthography.

1) / rLd / 2) / bLt / 3) / kLt / 4) / mo:d / 5) / bro:d / 6) / lLd / 7) / mo:n / 8) / fo:d / 9) / de:m / 10) / bε:t / 11) / spε:k / 12) / lε:d / 13) / me:t / 14) / ke:n / 15) / se: / 16) / grε:t / 17) / fe:ld / 18) / be: / 19) / gu:n / 20) / du:n / 21) /pu:nd/ 22) / ku: / 23) / nu: / 24) / nu:n / 25) / ka:s / 26) / ´na:mq / 27) / la:k / 28) /´pla:tq / 29) /´la:nq / 30) / mi:s / 31) / mi:nd / 32) / kli:mb / 33) / ki:nd / 34) / mi: / 35) / mi:n /.
4. Examine the following transcriptions of ME words and write their current developments.

/ pu:qr / 2) / po:r / 3) / Lr / 4) / bLrd / 5) / Su:r / 6) / ti:r / 7) / dq´zi:r / 8) / fi:r / 9) / fε:r / 10) / bε:r / 11) / fa:r / 12) / spa:r /.

5. What reasons could you advance for the deviations from the general law of the vowel shift in these words?

1) group 2) soup 3) route 4) coup 5) machine 6) police 7) vase 8) promenade 9) death 10) dead 11) breath 12) bread.
6. Explain the identical pronunciation of the words in each of the following pairs.

1) mane – main 2) made – maid 3) pale – pail 4) sale – sail 5) wale – wail 6) hale – hail 7) tale – tail 8) male – mail.
7. Study these phonetic transcriptions of ME words and give their MnE counterparts.

1) / kan / 2) / man / 3) / rat / 4) / kat / 5) / land / 6) / band / 7) /hand/.
8. The following words contained the vowel / a / in ME.

1) class 2) fast 3) pass 4) glass 5) ask 6) task 7) mask 8) mast 9) cast 10) path 11) bath 12) rather 13) father 14) craft 15) shaft.

What vowel developed from ME / a / before / s /, / sk /, / st /, /O/, / ð /, / ft /.
9. The following words contained the vowel / a / in ME.

1) calm 2) palm 3) psalm 4) calf 5) half 6) behalf 7) salve 8) all 9) call 10) tall 11) talk 12) chalk 13) walk.

What vowel developed from ME / a / before / l / plus a dental consonant? What vowel developed from ME / a / before / l / plus a labial fricative? What vowel developed from ME / a / before / l / plus a velar? What vowel developed from ME / a / before final / l /?
10. What consonants caused the shortening of the root vowel in the following words?

1) shook 2) crook 3) took 4) book 5) hook 6) hood 7) stood 8) good.
11. Write the phonetic symbols for the modern development of the short vowels before / r /. Describe the environmental conditions which determine the current development of each vowel.

/ ir / 1) spirit 2) bird 3) lyrics 4) fir 5) sirup 6) stir;

/ ur / 1) current 2) occur 3) furrow 4) fur 5) courage 6) curl;

/ er / 1) derrick 2) person 3) very 4) clerk 5) ferry 6) heard;

/ or / 1) story 2) storm 3) word 4) bore 5) world 6) worm 7) worse.
12. What caused the change of ME /a/ into / O / in these words?

1) wasp 2) watch 3) war 4) quality 5) quarter 6) warm 7) quarrel.

Transcribe the words WAX, TWANG, WAG.
13. All the words listed below had / u / in ME.

1) bud 2) bull 3) puff 4) pull 5) dull 6) bush 7) out 8) nut 9) put 10) scull 11) pudding 12) blush 13) full.

What is the usual development of ME / u /? In what environments did it remain unchanged?
14. Describe the development of the velar fricative / x / in the following groups of words by comparing the ME forms given here with the current pronunciation of the words.

A 1) light 2) right 3) night 4) sight 5) might 6) fight 7) knyght

B 1) droughte 2) eighte 3) straight 4) slaughter 5) boughte

C 1) plough 2) thigh 3) high 4) coughen 5) rough 6) tough

What effect did the complete loss of / x / have on a preceding short vowel?
15. For each of the following words indicate whether the consonant / l / has been retained or lost. Describe the conditions which determine the presence or absence of this consonant.

walk 2) talk 3) folk 4) palm 5) calm 6) half 7) dissolve 8) valve 9) elm 10) twelve 11) silk 12) sulk.

16. Consider the following examples of the loss of / w /. State the conditions which determined its loss.

1) answer 2) conquer 3) Greenwich 4) Norwich 5) Warwick 6) sword 7) two 8) who.
17. What reasons could you advance for the consonantal differences between the words in the following pairs?

luxurious – luxury 2) executor – execute 3) exhibit – exhibition 4) of – off

18. The following are phonetic transcriptions of ME words. Write their current developments: a) in phonetic transcription and; b) in normal orthography.

/Oat/ 2) /Ois/ 3) /Oan/ 4) /OOuh/ 5) /Ou:/ 6) /Oe:/ 7) /Oi:/.

19. Compare the ME forms with their MnE counterparts to determine the consonantal change in the following pairs of forms.

fader – father 2) moder – mother 3) gadern – gather 3) hider – hither 5) weder – weather.

20. Determine the sequences from which the contemporary sounds / S /, / G /, / C / have developed in the following words.

1) digestion 2) question 3) nature 4) culture 5) fortune 6) mutual 7) century 8) soldier 9) verdure 10) division 11) collision 12) illusion 13) Russia 14) session 15) ocean 16) ancient 17) patient 18) anxious 19) luxury.
21. What consonantal clusters underwent simplification in these words?

1) knight 2) know 3) write 4) forehead 5) shepherd 6) wretch 7) Chatham 8) Nottingham 9) Brougham 10) gnat 11) gnarled 12) gnaw 13) lamb 14) dumb 15) bomb 16) autumn 17) solemn 18) hymn 19) rustle 20) whistle 21) castle 22) glisten 23) moisten 24) often 25) postman 26) Christmas 27) muscle.
MODERN ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY

1. Give the MnE counterparts of the following ME plural forms of nouns.

eyen 2) fon 3) hors 4) yeer 5) applen 6) hosen.

2. Explain the origin of the following irregular plurals.

oxen 2) brethren 3) men 4) women 5) children 6) feet 7) geese 8) teeth 9) mice 10) sheep 11) deer 12) swine.

3. Paraphrase the underlined ME and EMnE phrases in the current idiom. Comment upon the modern practice for using ’s to mark the Genitive case.

(ME) That was in king Edgar his time. 2) (EMnE) … Cesar his victoris and grete dedes… .

4. Examine the following EMnE sentences which contain personal pronouns where we would expect to find other forms. What would probably be the present-day form of each of these examples?

1) Thou bearest thee like a king. 2) How she opposes her against my will. 3) My heart hath one poor string to stay it by. 4) And so I say I’ll cut the causes off flattering me with impossibilities.
5. Give the present-day form of each of the following EMnE constructions.

more stronger 2) more better 3) more diligenter 4) most unkindest 5) moost outragyoust 6) moost ungracyoust.

6. Examine these quotations from Shakespeare. How does current English differ from EMnE in its use of the forms MY and MINE?

Shall I not take ease in mine inn…? 2) I have lost a seal ring of my grandfather’s worth forty mark. 3) … he furnish’d me from mine own library with volumes that I prize above my dukedom.

7. What nuances of meaning are implied by the choice between y-forms and th-forms of the second person pronoun in the following passage from Shakespeare?

1) Miranda - If by your art, my dearest father, you have put the waters in this roar, allay them.

2) Prospero - No harm. I have done nothing but in care of thee, of thee, my dear one, thee, my daughter, who art ignorant of what thou art… .
8. Pick out the pronominal forms that confuse older nominative and objective functions and comment upon these cases of confusion.

The more shame for ye; holy men I thought ye. 2) What mean you… do ye not know? 3) Therein, ye gods, you make the weak most strong.

9. By comparing the underlined verb forms in the following examples determine which of the sentences belong to ME and which to EMnE. Describe the change of the verbal inflexions.

For she is fairer, as they demen alle, than is Grisilde, and moore tendre of age. 2) Thy old groans yet ring in mine ancient years. 3) …, and that a worthy man, that fro the tyme that he first bigan to riden out, he loved chivalrie… 4) You have often begun to tell me what I am. 5) That gentill Palamon, youre owene knyght, that serveth yow with wille, herte, and myght… 6) Here comes your father, tell him so yourself.

10. Explain the use of the verb BE as an auxiliary in these EMnE sentences.

I am arrived for fruitful Lombardy. 2) The king himself is rode to view the battle. 3) His lordship is walked forth. 4) Prince John is this morning secretly stolen away.

11. In the following ME sentences pick out strong verbs that became weak in MnE and vice versa.

1) … if my destinee be shapen so that I shal nedes have oon of hem two… 2) And shortly up they clomben alle thre;…(OE climban) 3) Diverse folk diversely they seyde, but for the moore part they loughed and pleyde. (OE hlyhhan) 4) Of fustian he wered a gypon… (OE werian) “He wore a surcoat of fustian (a coarse material of cotton and flax) ” 5) … he quook for ire… (OE cweccan) “he quaked with ire…”.

12. State the form of each of the underlined verbs in these quotations from Shakespeare.

1) I am assured if I be measured rightly, your majesty hath no just cause to hate me. 2) Live thou, I live. 3) Live thousand years, I shall not find myself so fit to die.

13. Comment on the forms of the link verb BE in the following example from Shakespeare.

Where be thy brothers? Where are thy children?

14. What former meaning of the modal is felt in this EMnE sentence?

You ought him a thousand pound.

15. Determine the mood forms of the predicate verbs in the following complex sentences.

1) But, if my father had not scanted me, yourself, renowned prince, then stood as fair. 2) If he should do so, he leaves his back unarm’d. 3) Had I plantation of this isle, my lord – and were the king on’t, what would I do?

MODERN ENGLISH SYNTAX

1. Give the current development of each of the following ME phrases. Comment on the change in the type of syntactic relations between phrase components in MnE.

1) goode hors 2) olde stories 3) sleves longe and wyde 4) clothes blake 5) smale foules 6) olde wordes 7) kempe keeris on his browes stout, his lymes grete, his brawnes harde and stronge.

2. Study the following instances of singular verbs with plural subjects.

1) There is no more masters. 2) Here comes townsmen. 3) His letters beares his mind.

Can you advance any reason for the lack of agreement in each of these EMnE sentences?

3. Comment upon the structure of these EMnE sentences. What would probably be the present-day form of each of these sentences?

1) I not doubt. 2) It not belongs to you. 3) Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade? 4) Revolt our subjects?

4. What deviations from the type of word order typical of present-day English can be found in the following ME sentences?

1) But honestly and syly he it spente. 2) … that no man wondered how that he it hadde.

5. Comment upon the structure of ME and EMnE sentences given below. Translate them into present-day English.

ME 1) Ther nedeth noght noon auctorite t’allegge, for it is proved by experience, but that me list declaren my sentence. 2) Thenne is it wysdom, as it thynketh me, to maken vertu of necessitee…

EMnE 1) It dislikes me. 2) It yearns me not.

Old English Texts

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