Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов II курса факультета мэо

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Название	Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов II курса факультета мэо
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Тип	Учебное пособие

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Лондон

История Лондона прослежива-ется до эпохи Древнего Рима. Раньше историки считали, что он существовал еще до первого вторжения войск Юлия Цезаря в 54 году н.э., но современные археологи считают, что Лондиниум был основан позже, когда римляне прочно утвердились на Британских остро-вах. Город заложили у построен-ного здесь моста, по которому до-рога вела на север.

В 460 году, после распада Рим-ской империи, римляне покинули Лондиниум. На смену им пришли англо-саксы, построившие более примитивное поселение рядом с римским городом. История Лон-дона нашла свое продолжение в районе, известном сегодня под названием Олдуич (“Старый город”). Каменный мост через Темзу, построенный в 1029 году, был достопримечательностью города в последующие восемь столетий. В то время на нем строили дома и лавки, за проход по мосту взималась плата, которая шла в казну города.

К востоку от Лондонского моста расположен так называемый Пул – лондонская гавань. Морские корабли поднимались по реке лишь до этого места, и здесь же раз-гружались речные суда идущие от из верховьев Темзы. Торговля приносила большие доходы, и здесь прочно укрепилось купеческое со-словие, бросившее вызов власти монархов и аристократии.

Дворянство селилось в западной части города. Фактически, на северном берегу Темзы рядом друг с другом выросли два крупных го-рода: Сити, ставший центром торговли, и Вестминстер – политическая и культурная столица Англии. В Сити были сосредоточены деньги, а в Вестминстере – власть.

В XVIII веке обе части Лондона – Сити и Вестминстер – соединились на северном берегу Темзы. Река играла жизненно важную роль в развитии города. Начиная примерно с 1750 года, Лондон рос быстрее других городов Европы. Сити процветал. До 1850-х годов многие торговцы жили в так называемой Квадратной миле, но позже насе-ление этого района резко сокра-тилось в связи с вошедшей в моду привычкой селиться в пригородах Лондона. Когда Сити превратился в финансовый центр, ряд промыш-ленных предприятий переместили в восточную часть города. Разводной Тауэрский мост, сооруженный в 1894 году, обеспечил дорожное движение через Темзу, не препятствуя проходу судов.

В начале XIX века старый реч-ной порт, находившийся ниже Лондонского моста, уже не отвечал требованиям времени, и компании начали строить новые доки. В течение последующих ста лет разрослась крупнейшая в мире системы доков. С переводом на восток города промышленности из Сити и началом строительства первых доков Ист-Энд стал интенсивно заселяться рабочим классом. Здесь же селились иммигранты из Европы и других уголков мира. И хотя про-мышленные предприятия давно уже выведены за пределы британ-ской столицы, местное население все так же ютится в переполненных домах ленточной постройки, резко контрастирующих с особняками Вест-Энда.

В 20-30-е годы XX столетия вокруг старого Лондона выросли пригороды с плотной застройкой из домов на две семьи. Сам город стремительно развивался: этому способствовало появление предприятий американского типа с использованием электроэнергии и массовое переселение жителей из бедных районов Британии. После 1945 года викторианские здания в центре столицы уступили место высотным офисам, гостиницам и жилым домам.

Хотя после 1939 года Лондон перестал расти и утратил былое промышленное значение, он остается одним из крупнейших городов мира. В 1970-х годах, с появлением крупных судов и развитием автодорожного транспорта старая система доков утратила свое значение. Более десяти лет огромные территории оставались заброшенными. Однако сегодня этот старый район города обрел современное лицо. Реконструированный в начале 1980-х годов Канарский причал, где раньше разгружали помидоры с Канарских островов, вдохнул новую жизнь в столицу.

(По материалам журнала

Древо Познания, 2006 г.)

Step IV

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (7)

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

40. Complete the sentences choosing the proper modal.

1. If the doctors give her a blood transfusion they … be able to save her life. (can / may / must) 2. Notice above petrol pump: All engines … be switched off. (must / should / are to) 3. I wonder who broke the vase yesterday. – It … not have been me as I was out all day yesterday. (can / might / must). 4. I’ve bought two pounds of carrots. – You … have bought carrots, we’ve got enough to last a month. (didn’t have to / needn’t / shouldn’t) 5. You … at least have thanked him for helping you out of trouble! (could / must / might) 6. The man … be intelligent but he has no common sense. (may / can / has to) 7. Gigantic cities like London and New York … be difficult to administer. (might / are to / must) 8. “What else … we have done under the circumstances?” Fiona exclaimed in despair. (could / might / should) 9. Sydney doesn’t often go to the opera. He … appreciate the new soprano. (must / can’t / may) 10. Being homeless … lead to frustration and alcoholism. (can / may / must) 11. Diane doesn’t answer the phone. What … she be doing? – She … be sleeping for all I know. She had a sleepless night. (can / may / must)

TEXT 2

Cross-cultural Notes:

the Ivy League – a group of universities in the north-east of the USA (Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Cornell, Brown, Princeton, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth College) with a very high academic reputation, status and prestige. The name comes from the ivy that grows on the old buildings of colleges.
the Wild West – the western part of the USA, where many European settlers moved during the 19^th century to establish new farms and cities. It is thought of as a violent place where the law was not generally respected.
a manila envelope (folder) – an envelope (folder) made of strong brown paper.
to lynch sb – to take hold of a person thought to be guilty of a crime and kill them, especially by hanging, without a legal trial. Many people think of lynching in the context of the American Wild West and with the illegal killing of blacks in the South by the Ku-Klux-Klan.
Wal-Mart [‘wO:lLmQ:t] – any of a very large group of shops in the US selling a wide range of goods at low prices. The first Wal-Mart Discount City was opened in 1962 by Sam Walton, who became one of the richest people in the US.

Deception Point

(an extract)

By Dan Brown (abridged)
Sedgewick Sexton – a senator running for presidency.

Gabrielle Ashe – 24 years of age, a New York Ivy Leaguer, personal assistant to Senator Sexton, with dreams of being a senator herself one day.

Marjorie Tench – the President’s senior advisor, blessed with the brains of a supercomputer and the warmth of one, at fifty-one, she looks seventy. She arranges a meeting with Gabrielle Ashe in her White House office.

* * *

Gabrielle Ashe gazed at Marjorie Tench and felt a growing uneasiness. This woman was smart as hell and she was an unexpected twist. Tench leaned back in her chair, her hard features seeming to radiate pleasure with Gabriele’s discomfort.

“Ms. Ashe, what do you know about a bill called the Space Commercialization Promotions Act?”

Gabrielle had never heard of it. She shrugged, lost.

“Really?” Tench said. “The bill was proposed back in 1996 by Senator Walker. It calls for the privatization of NASA by immediately selling off NASA assets to private aerospace companies and allowing the free-market system to explore space more efficiently, thus relieving the burden NASA now places on taxpayers. Congress has passed the space commercialization bill all four times it has seen it. Thankfully, the White House^¹ has vetoed it on all occasions. I have reason to believe Senator Sexton will support this bill if he becomes President.”

“I’ve heard the arguments against privatizing space,” Gabrielle said, “and I understand your concerns.

“Do you?” Tench leaned toward her. “Which arguments have you heard?”

Gabrielle shifted uneasily. “Well, the standard academic fears mostly – the most common being that if we privatize NASA, our current pursuit of scientific space knowledge would be quickly abandoned in favor of profitable ventures.”

“True. Space science would die. Instead of spending money to study our universe, private space companies would strip-mine asteroids, build tourist hotels in space, offer commercial satellite launch services. Why would private companies bother studying the origins of our universe when it would cost them billions and show no financial return? But the abandonment of science in favor of profits is a side issue,” Tench said. “Hardly relevant compared to the utter chaos that would result by permitting the private sector to run free in space. We would have the wild west all over again. We would see pioneers staking claims on the moon and on asteroids and protecting those claims with force. I’ve heard petitions from companies who want to build neon billboards that blink advertisements in the nighttime sky. I’ve seen petitions from space hotels and tourist attractions whose proposed operations include ejecting their trash into the void of space and creating orbiting trash heaps. In fact, I just read a proposal yesterday from a company that wants to turn space into a mausoleum by launching the deceased into orbit. Can you imagine our telecommunications satellites colliding with dead bodies? Last week, I had a billionaire CEO in my office who was petitioning to launch a mission to a near-field asteroid, drag it closer to earth, and mine it for precious minerals. I actually had to remind him that dragging asteroids into near earth orbit posed potential risks of global catastrophe! Ms. Ashe, I can assure you, if this bill passes, the throngs of entrepreneurs rushing into space will not be rocket scientists. They will be entrepreneurs with deep pockets and shallow minds.”

“Persuasive arguments,” Gabrielle said, “and I’m sure the senator would weigh those issues carefully if he ever found himself in a position to vote on the bill. Might I ask what any of this has to do with me?”

Tench’s gaze narrowed. “Do you know how much Senator Sexton spends on media advertising? More than three million a month.”

Gabrielle shrugged. “If you say so. Come to your point, or I’m leaving.”

Tench reached for a manila folder, pulled out a small stack of stapled papers and handed them to Gabrielle. “Sexton’s financial records.”

Gabrielle studied the documents in astonishment. She sensed this data was authentic – banking accounts, credit card accounts, loans, stock assets, real estate assets, debts, capital gains and losses. “This is private data. Where did you get this?”

“My source is not your concern. But if you spend more time studying these figures, you will clearly see that Senator Sexton does not have the kind of money he is currently spending.”

“We have a lot of donations.”

“Yes, some of them legal.” Tench leaned across the desk. “Gabrielle Ashe, are you aware that Senator Sexton is accepting enormous illegal campaign bribes from aerospace companies who have billions to gain from the privatization of NASA?”

Gabrielle stared. “That’s an absurd allegation!”

Tench smiled coldly. “Gabrielle, I understand that Senator Sexton has shared a lot of himself with you, but I assure you there is plenty you do not know about the man. Your candidate’s illegal funding is a fact. I’m sorry. I know you trust him. I’d like to offer you a chance to do the right thing. If you can do what I am about to ask, perhaps you could even earn yourself a place on the President’s team.” She lowered her voice. “Look, here’s the point. The President and I will go public with the funding issue if we must, but this scandal involves several major U.S. corporations breaking the law. A lot of innocent people will pay the price. What the President and I are hoping for here … is some other way to discredit the senator’s ethics. Simply put, we would like you to publicly admit that you had an affair with the senator.”

Gabrielle’s entire body went rigid. Tench sounded utterly certain of herself. Impossible, Gabrielle knew. The sex had happened only once. Gabrielle fought to retain her steady tone. “You assume a lot, Ms. Tench.”

“Which? That you had an affair? Or that you would abandon your candidate?”

“Both.”

Tench walked to her wall safe and returned with a red manila folder. It was stamped with the White House seal. As dozens of color photographs spilled out onto the desk, Gabrielle saw her entire career come crashing down before her. She stormed out of Marjorie Tench’s office.

Marjorie Tench caught up with Gabrielle outside the room. The President’s senior adviser was carrying the red envelope of photos. “Senator Sexton swore to the world that you two are platonic associates. He looked the American people in the eye and told a lie. The public has a right to know. And they will know. The only question is how the public finds out. We believe it’s best coming from you.”

Gabrielle was stunned. “You really think I’m going to help lynch my own candidate?”

Tench’s face hardened. “I’m giving you a chance to save everyone a lot of embarrassment by holding your head high and telling the truth. My offer is simple: sign a statement admitting your affair, and these photos never need to see the light of day. We’ll deal with the Senator quietly. You’ll need to decide fast, Ms. Ashe,” Tench said as they neared the exit. “A statement on my desk by eight o’clock tonight. Be smart.” She tossed Gabrielle the folder of photographs on her way out.

* * *

I’ve got to talk to Sexton! Gabrielle thought. She dug out her cellphone and called the senator’s private number. His voice mail answered. Puzzled, she phoned the senator’s office. The secretary answered.

“It’s Gabrielle. The senator is not picking up his private line. Is he in? I need to talk to him right away.”

“He’s at Westbrook. He blocked off tonight as a P.E.”

Personal Event. In all the excitement, Gabrielle had forgotten Sexton had scheduled himself a night alone at home. He was very particular about not being disturbed during his P.E. blocks. Bang on my door only if the building is on fire, he would say. Other than that, it can wait until tomorrow. Gabrielle decided Sexton’s building was definitely on fire.

* * *

The doorman at the front desk of the Westbrook Place Apartments looked surprised to see Gabrielle. “Ms. Ashe? I didn’t know you were stopping by tonight. The senator gave me a list, but you weren’t –”

“They always forget the people who help them most.” She gave a smile and strode past him toward the elevator.

Riding the elevator to the ninth floor, Gabrielle exited and made her way down the elegant hallway. At the end, outside Sexton’s doorway, she could see one of his bodyguards sitting in the hall. He jumped to his feet as she approached.

“I know,” Gabrielle called out. “It’s a P.E. night. But it’s an emergency.”

The guard physically blocked the doorway. “He’s in a private meeting.”

“Really?” Gabrielle pulled the red envelope from under her arm. She flashed the White House seal in the man’s face. “I was just in the Oval Office. I need to give the senator this information. If I don’t talk to him immediately, we can all start looking for jobs tomorrow morning. Do you understand?”

The guard unlocked the door and Gabrielle entered the apartment. Now inside the foyer, she could hear men’s voices in Sexton’s den. As Gabrielle moved down the hall toward the den, she passed an open closet with half a dozen expensive men’s coats and several briefcases inside. One of the briefcases caught her eye. The nameplate bore a distinctive company logo. A bright red rocket.

She paused, kneeling down to read it: SPACE AMERICA, INC. Puzzled, she examined the other briefcases. BEAL AEROSPACE. MICROCOSM, INC. ROTARY ROCKET COMPANY. KISTLER AEROSPACE.

Marjorie Tench’s voice echoed in her mind. Are you aware that Sexton is accepting bribes from private aerospace companies?

Gabriel’s pulse began racing as she moved to the senator’s den. She stood soundlessly in the shadows … listening to the conversation beyond.

“As you know,” Sexton said, “over the past months, I have met with many men in your same position. You are the only ones I have ever brought into my home. You are extraordinary men, and I am honored to meet you.”

Establish trust. Let them know you understand their problems. He let his eyes circle the room, making personal contact with each of his guests. “I am well aware,” the senator said, addressing everyone now, “that several of your companies have offered to launch private space shuttles for as little as fifty million dollars per flight. And yet NASA undercuts you by charging only thirty-eight million dollars per flight … even though their actual flight cost is over one hundred and fifty million dollars!”

“It’s how they keep us out of space,” one of the men said. “The private sector cannot possibly compete with a company that can afford to run shuttle flights at a four hundred percent loss and still stay in business.”

“It has become painfully clear,” Sexton said, his voice darkening, “that NASA is working very hard to stifle competition in space. They crowd out private aerospace businesses by pricing services below market value.”

“It’s the Wal-Marting of space,” the Texan^² said.

Damn good analogy, Sexton thought. I’ll have to remember that. Wal-Mart was notorious for moving into a new territory, selling products below market value, and driving all local competition out of business.

“Gentlemen,” he said, stopping dramatically in front of the fire. “It’s time Americans understand that NASA is not leading us skyward, but rather is stifling space exploration. Space is no different than any other industry. We should put space exploration into the hands of the private sector where it belongs. I believe we should let the free-market system spur us to the new heights in space.”

Sexton lifted his snifter of cognac. “My friends, you came here tonight to decide if I am someone worthy of your trust. My message to you tonight is simple: Invest in me, and I will never forget you. With your help, my friends, soon I will be in the White House … and you will all be launching your dreams.”

Only fifteen feet away, Gabrielle Ashe stood in the shadows, rigid. From the den came the harmonious clink of crystal snifters and the crackle of the fire.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

41. Give the Russian for:

to radiate pleasure; to shift uneasily; profitable ventures; to show no financial return; a side issue; neon billboards; to have an affair with sb; doorman; to stop by; to drive (sb) out of business.
42. Find the English for

пожать плечами; заниматься добычей драгоценных металлов; усопший; убедительные доводы; ближе к делу; это не ваша забота; абсурдное измышление; сделать (что-то) достоянием общественности; это срочное дело; продавать ниже рыночной стоимости; печально известный;
43. Answer the questions:

1. How does the writer characterize Gabrielle Ashe? How does his description change when he speaks about Marjorie Tench? How does Ms. Tench’s behaviour at the beginning of their meeting testify to her description? 2. What made Marjorie Tench invite Gabrielle Ashe to the White House? What did she start the conversation with? Why? 3. What stand did the White House take on the problem? What made Marjorie Tench believe that if NASA was privatized, space science would die? What arguments did she give to support her fears? Why did she make reference to the wild west? Why wasn’t the expression capitalized? What did it signify? 4. How did Marjorie Tench come to the point of the meeting? What made Gabrielle think the senator’s financial records were authentic? What did they indicate? What did Marjorie Tench accuse the senator of? 5. What was it that Ms. Tench suggest Gabrielle should do? What lay at the root of her suggestion – disgust, political intrigue or an attempt to recruit a new member for the Presidential team? 6. If the senator’s financial records could prove that he received bribes, why didn’t Marjorie Tench want to go public with it? Why did she decide to resort to blackmailing Gabrielle? How could Senator Sexton’s ethics be discredited? Why did Ms. Tench say that the President and she wanted to deal with the senator quietly? Was that the real reason for her actions? 7. What did Gabrielle feel like when she left the White House? Did she still stand by her candidate or was she ready to abandon him? What did she decide to do? 8. Why couldn’t Gabrielle get the senator on his private line? Why did she decide to break his orders and go to Westbrook? 9. What facts prove that Senator Sexton was having a top secret private meeting? How did Gabrielle manage to get inside his apartment? What made her realize who the senator’s guests were? 10. What arguments did his guests give to support the idea of private space projects? What did they accuse NASA of? Why did the Texan call NASA’s policies the Wal-Marting of space? What psychological tricks did Senator Sexton resort to in order to convince his guests of his loyalty to their cause? What promise did he give to them? 11. Can you guess what Gabrielle Ashe felt like? What, in your opinion, was the next thing for her to do?

HOME ACTIVITIES (7)

44. Give a brief retelling of the text and express your viewpoint on the problems raised by the writer.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (8)

WORD BUILDING

45. a) Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the words given in the right-hand column:

Sour times

The sea is becoming more (1) ____________. That is not good news if you live in it. At the moment, the world’s oceans absorb a million tonnes of carbon dioxide an hour. (2) __________ that is only a third of the rate at which (3) ___________ dumps the stuff into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, but it helps to slow down (4) __________ warming. However, what is a blessing for the atmosphere turns out to be a curse for the oceans. When carbon dioxide (5) ___________ in water it forms carbonic acid. At the moment, sea water is (6) ______________ alkaline (щелочной) – but it is becoming less so all the time. Many sea species have shells or skeletons made of calcium carbonate, just like chalk. If you drop chalk into acid it fizzes away to nothing. Marine (7) ___________ worry that some species will soon be unable to make their (8) ______________ homes. Dr. Andrew Knoll, of Harvard University, drew a (9) _____________ that the species most at risk are corals. (10)______________ suggest that if today’s trends continue, the alkalinity of the ocean is likely to fall (11) _____________ in the near future. That may make some places, such as the Southern Ocean, (12) ________________________ for corals. (13) ______________ evidence suggests that the (14) ______________ of corals may (15) _________________ effect the marine food web.

acid

admit

human
globe
solve
nature

biology
protect

conclude
calculate
consider
inhabit

experiment

extinct

drama

(After The Economist, February 2008.)

b) Answer the questions.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Might (just) as well
suggestion unpleasant comparison с таким же успехом, вполне, почему бы не	You might as well call Mike’s office tomorrow. There’s nobody in there now. – Вы с таким же успехом можете (вы вполне могли бы) позвонить на работу Майку завтра. Там сейчас никого нет.

46. Translate into Russian.

1. You might just as well say that everyone is wrong but you. 2. It’s too late to go out, we might as well have a quiet evening at home. 3. Susan has spent only a month in Paris but for her it might as well have been a whole life. 4. The pop-star’s bodyguard didn’t look competent enough. He might as well have traveled alone. 5. If you believe his words, you might as well believe in ghosts and alien invaders. 6. It was a waste of time to ask Steve for help. You might as well have approached a stone wall. 7. Neither Greg nor Sondra liked the movie. They might just as well have stayed at home and watched an old comedy. 8. They charge so much for repairs that we might as well buy a new DVD player.
47. Develop the situations as in the model:

Model: – No one will eat this food. (to throw away)

– No one will eat this food. It might as well be thrown away.

1. Milly cannot find a good job in London. (to return to her home town). 2. Vera spends days in the laboratory working at the project. (to promote). 3. Nina looks very nervous and frustrated. (to leave in peace) 4. Though the tickets were very expensive, the musical turned out to be a complete failure. (to give money to charity) 5. Our trip to Italy was spoiled by snow and frost. (to go to the Arctic Circle) 6. Joyce works long hours for very little money. (to stay at home) 7. The travel agency will be closed by the time you get there. (to go tomorrow) 8. You call that wine? (to use sth as vinegar)

CAN COULD	physical and mental ability possibility due to circumstances request permission prohibition doubt disbelief
MAY MIGHT	request permission prohibition supposition with a shade of doubt supposition with stronger doubt reproach
MUST	duty, obligation, necessity request prohibition strong advice near certainty
HAVE TO	forced necessity
NEED	absence of necessity absence of necessity for a performed action
SHOULD OUGHT TO	necessity in form of advice criticism of a past action
TO BE TO	necessity in form of an arrangement
SHALL	asking for instructions in rulings and laws
WILL	polite request

48. Gabriel Ashe has just told the news to her friend Yolanda Cole. Act as Yolanda expressing your attitude to the information and give advice wherever necessary.

Model: G – Just imagine, the person who called me to the White

House was Marjorie Tench! (surprise / doubt)

Y – Can it have been Ms. Tench? It can’t have been her,

she’s the President’s senior adviser. What did she need

you for?

1. She spoke about a bill called the Space Commercialization Promotions Act. I had never heard about it before. (supposition with a shade of doubt) 2. Imagine, Congress has passed the Space Commercialization Bill all four times it has seen it. (surprise / doubt; near certainty) 3. Tench thinks that if NASA is privatized, space science will die. (strong advice) 4. She has heard petitions from companies who want to build neon billboards that blink advertisements in the nighttime sky. (doubt / disbelief; advice) 5. In fact, there have been petitions from space hotels and tourist attractions whose proposed operations include ejecting their trash into the void of space and creating orbiting trash heaps. (supposition with a shade of doubt; advice) 6. Then Ms. Tench showed me Sexton’s financial records. (disbelief / doubt; near certainty) 7. She claims my candidate is accepting bribes from aerospace companies. (surprise; supposition with a shade of doubt) 8. That terrible woman suggested that I should help her discredit the senator’s ethics. (duty / obligation / necessity; advice) 9. And what if she goes public with compromising photos? (forced necessity; absence of necessity) 10. The awful thing happened later, I overheard the senator’s conversation with aerospace men. He is really involved with them. (disbelief; supposition with a shade of doubt) 11. Shall I phone Tench? I am to give her a written statement by 8 o’clock. (advice; absence of necessity)
49. Express your opinion and support it using the vocabulary of the unit.

Who do you side with?

Marjorie Tench:

Private companies won’t study the origins of our universe if it costs them billions and shows no financial return. They will abandon science in favour of profits. Permitting the private sector to run free in space may bring back the wild west again. There will be pioneers staking claims on the moon and on asteroids and protecting those claims with force.

Senator Sexton:

Space is no different than any other industry, and keeping the private sector grounded verges on a criminal act. Consider the computer industry, in which we see such an explosion of progress that we can barely keep up from week to week! Why? Because the computer industry is a free-market system: It rewards efficiency and vision with profits. Imagine if the computer industry were government-run? We would still be in the dark ages. We are stagnating in space. We should put space exploration into the hands of the private sector where it belongs. Americans would be stunned by the growth, jobs and realized dreams.

I find sb/sth... I have the impression that... In my opinion, ...		Personally, I... I feel that... I think that...
pragmatic broad-minded enterprising	trustworthy practical (un)reliable	(un)reasonable ambitious irresponsible

HOME ACTIVITIES (8)
50. a) Complete the sentences with phrases made of noun combinations given in the box.

environmental disaster / threat

authors / report

century / middle

challenges / urgency

earth / health

destruction / environment

group / latest report

organization / Sims

population / world

The Earthguard Institute has issued a report warning of the threat of environmental disaster by (1) _________________________ unless we do something soon. “ (2) _________________________ facing us requires action now,” said Dennis Sims, one of (3) _________________ _______________ . (4) _______________________ is a watchdog group that regularly issues reports on (5) _________________________ and its people. According to (6) __________________________ , rising temperatures, falling water supplies and shrinking forests are problems that will only get worse as (7) __________________________ increases to 9 billion by 2050. “People’s optimism about the future is blinding them to the potential for worldwide disaster,” Sims warned. “We must try to reduce global warming by replacing coal and oil with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. If we continue (8) ______ ________________, our grandchildren will inherit a wasteland.”

51. Prepare a three-minute talk on “Scientific and industrial development – curse or blessing for the planet”.

Step V

CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES (9)

Give it another brush

52. Match the beginning of each sentence with a suitable ending.

1. You must have met some celebrities	a. when he has a job interview the next day.
2. You can’t have lived in Tokyo for ten years	b. when she was supposed to stay in bed.
3. Joe shouldn’t hang out in clubs	c. our business partners were arriving earlier than scheduled.
4. Mr. Tolland may find it difficult to settle down	d. without learning some Japanese.
5. You don’t have to get up yet if	e. she has just had a two-week holiday.
6. Mary shouldn’t have gone out	f. she had never had a single road accident.
7. You needn’t have taken so many warm clothes as	g. during your stay in Hollywood.
8. Sharon can’t be tired when	h. after sailing the oceans for so many years.
9. You might have warned us that	i. you are not going to university today.
10. Zoe was able to get an insurance discount as	j. as it is always warm and sunny in these parts.

53. Choose the correct phrase to complete the situation.

1. You don’t have to stay unless it’s necessary / if you don’t want to. 2. Firefighters must feel afraid sometimes. They are supposed to. / It’s only natural. 3. Customers can’t come in here. It isn’t allowed. / I don’t think it’s a good idea. 4. All motorcyclists must wear crash helmets. It’s a good idea. / It’s the rule. 5. You should leave now. That’s my advice. / That’s an order. 6. The maid must have stolen the pearl necklace. She was ordered to. / There is no other explanation. 7. You needn’t have bought any wine. There isn’t any. / There is plenty. 8. Julius can’t have spent all the money he has just inherited. He wasn’t able to. / I’m sure he hasn’t.
54. Choose the correct grammar form.

1. The morning was dull and rainy, but the sun had appeared by the time the travellers reached the foot of the mountain and they … (could / were able to) climb it quite quickly. 2. I … (couldn’t have found / haven’t been able to find) my organizer for two days. It’s terribly inconvenient. 3. I have no idea where my cousin is now. He … (can / might) as well be in the Himalayas for all I know. 4. Jenny … (must / can’t) be very proud of her husband winning the Pulitzer Prize. 5. We expected our American partners to visit us when they were in Glasgow last week, but they didn’t. I suppose they … (might be / must have been) too busy. 6. I wonder what made you stay at that party. You … (might / can’t) have enjoyed mixing with all those boring people. 7. Please check your report again. These figures are not accurate. You … (must / can’t) have been distracted when you added them up. 8. You … (should have been / must be) thirsty after moving this heavy piano. Shall I make you a cup of tea?
55. Complete the letter with proper phrases based on the hints in the box.

may / to see

may/ to leave

could / to come

may / not / to do

could / not / to leave

may / to find

could / to fall

may / to visit

Sophie,

It was good to see you last week and to get your e-mail yesterday.

Sorry to hear you lost that rare Celtic folk music CD on the journey home. I’ve looked for it, but it definitely isn’t in my car. I think you (1)________________________ it on the train. Why not phone the lost property office? It (2)________________________ down the side of your seat. Someone (3)_________________________ it and handed it in. Of course, if they like Celtic music, they (4)______________________! Anyway, as far as I remember, you (5)________________________ it here, because you were listening to it on the way to the station.

And now my news. Guess what? I (6)____________________________ to your part of the country next week! There is a conference in your town which my boss wanted to attend, but now he’s heard that some important clients (7)__________________ our office at that time.

So, we (8)_____________________each other sooner than we expected. Let’s hope so. Of course it’s not settled yet. I’ll email you as soon as I know for certain.

See you,

Stella
56. Complete the sentences.

1. Steve nearly overslept this morning. He should have… 2. The plane lost one engine, but fortunately the crew were able… 3. The streets are clogged with traffic today, so I may … 4. My husband doesn’t really like his new job, so he might … 5. Most of my peers have passed that exam, so it can’t be … 6. I don’t know why our partners haven’t arrived. They may have… 7. If you want to get fit, you should… 8. The tourists were so short of money that they had to… 9. The taxi broke down on our way to the airport, but luckily we were able to… 10. Jess could… when she was six, but she couldn’t…
57. Translate into English.

1. Ты был не так уж сильно занят. Ты мог бы мне помочь с составлением отчета. Это было исключительно важным для моей дальнейшей карьеры. 2. Не может быть, чтобы он до сих пор зависел от своих родителей. Ему уже далеко за тридцать. 3. Компания, скорее всего, не смогла поставить топливо в этот отдаленный северный город из-за некомпетентности нового руководства. 4. Вам следовало быть более терпимым к мнению своих коллег. Различия во мнениях иногда могут привести к неожиданно удачным решениям. 5. Неужели территория этой страны постепенно уменьшается? Чем это может быть вызвано? – Это, вероятно, вызвано глобальным потеплением и повышением уровня моря. 6. Местным властям следовало лучше подумать об объектах социально-культурного и бытового обслуживания, когда они планировали строительство этого района. 7. Павел, возможно, был подавлен и расстроен, но ему не следовало так грубо разговаривать с секретарем. Она явно сыта по горло его поведением. Интересно, сколько она еще выдержит, прежде, чем уволится. 8. Вы зря потратили столько времени, объясняя Джеку и Стиву подробности нашего плана. Первому уже были даны необходимые инструкции, а второй не принимает участия в проекте.
58. a) Open the brackets using the proper forms of the verbs.

All those people who say that the weather ______________________ (1 – not/to be) normal recently are right. However, since there is really no such thing as normal weather, they probably mean something else. If they ________________________ (2 – to mean) that average summer temperatures ________________________ (3 – to get) warmer, then they are certainly correct. In fact, it is not just the summer temperature, but the general average temperature of the whole world that _________________________ (4 – steadily/to move up).

The signs are everywhere. There are small signs. For example, butterflies in North America _______________________ (5 – to move) about 60 miles north of where they used to live. There are also very large signs. Huge masses of ice in mountain glaciers and the Arctic ___________________ (6 – to melt). The famous snow cap on Africa’s Mount Kiliminjaro is known ___________________________(7 – almost/to disappear). Actually, ice or snow doesn’t really disappear, it turns into water, flows into the ocean and makes sea levels ______________________ (8 – to rise).

Why __________________________ (9 – this/happen)? One answer is that it could simply be part of a natural process. After all, there __________________________ (10 – to be) long periods of warmth in the planet’s history. So we could just__________________________ (11 – to experience) another warming trend. This kind of answer _____________________ (12 – to have) more supporters a few years ago. What scientists now believe is that human activity is the cause. For more than two hundred years, humans are believed ____________________________ (13 – gradually/to change) the atmosphere, mainly as a result of industrial pollution. We _________________________ (14 – to create) an atmosphere around the earth that, like a giant glass container, lets heat from the sun through and holds it inside.

Will temperatures and sea levels keep __________________ (15 – to rise)? ______________ (16 – modal) we just move to higher ground and throw away our winter coats? The answer depends on where you live. If you ____________________(17 – to live) on the coast of Florida, the answer _________________(18 – to be) a definite yes. However, if you live in northern Europe, your temperatures___________________(19 – modal) soon be on the way down. All that fresh water _____________________(20 – to pour) into the Atlantic _____________________________(21 – to change) the circulation patterns in the ocean. As a consequence, the current of air that flows towards Europe _______________ (22 – to become) much cooler. According to one prediction, winter in London _______________________ (23 – to be likely/to become) much more like winter in Copenhagen.
b) Discuss the text.

UNIT 5

TOPICS:	1. English as a global language. 2. Political correctness.
GRAMMAR:	Forms expressing unreality: Conditionals Unreal wishes

Step I