М. П. Ивашкин, В. В. Сдобников, А. В. Селяев
|
Скачать 490.79 Kb.
|
|
Poetry The first differentiating property of poetry is its orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect call forth syntactical and semantic peculiarities which also fall into more or less strict orderly arrangement. Both the syntactical and semantic aspects of the poetic substyle may be defined as compact, for they are held in check by rhythmic patterns. Both syntax and semantics comply with the restrictions imposed by the rhythmic pattern, and the result is brevity of expression, epigram-like utterances, and fresh, unexpected imagery. Syntactically this brevity is shown in elliptical and fragmentary sentences, in detached constructions, in inversion, asyndeton and other syntactical peculiarities. Rhythm and rhyme are distinguishable properties of the poetic substyle provided they are wrought into compositional patterns. They are typical only of this one variety of the belles-lettres style. Emotive Prose Emotive prose has the same features as have been pointed out for the belles-lettres style in general; but all these features are correlated differently in emotive prose. The imagery is not so rich as it is in poetry, the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high as in poetry, the idiosyncrasy of the author is not so clearly discernible. Apart from metre and rhyme, what most of all distinguishes emotive prose from the poetic style is the combination of the literary variant of the language, both in words and syntax, with the colloquial variant. It would perhaps be more exact to define this as a combination of the spoken and written varieties of the language. Present-day emotive prose is to a large extent characterized by the breaking-up of traditional syntactical designs of the preceding periods. Not only detached constructions, but also fragmentation of syntactical models, peculiar, unexpected ways of combining sentences are freely introduced into present-day emotive prose. The Drama The third subdivision of the belles-lettres style is the language of plays. Unlike poetry, which, except for ballads, in essence excludes direct speech and therefore dialogue, and unlike emotive prose, which is a combination of monologue and dialogue, the language of plays is entirely dialogue. The author’s speech is almost entirely excluded except for the playwright’s remarks and stage directions, significant though they may be. Publicistic Style Publicistic style also falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other styles, the publicistic style has spoken varieties, in particular, the oratorical substyle. The development of radio and television has brought into being a new spoken variety, namely, the radio commentary. The other two are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and articles (political, social, economic) in newspapers, journals and magazines. Book reviews in journals and magazines and also pamphlets are generally included among essays. The general aim of the publicistic style, which makes it stand out as a separate style, is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essays or article not merely by logical argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well. Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, the publicistic style has features common with the style of scientific prose, on the one hand, and that of emotive prose, on the other. Its coherent and logical syntactical structure, with the expanded system of connectives, and its careful paragraphing, makes it similar to scientific prose. Its emotional appeal is generally achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning, the use of imagery and other stylistic devices as in emotive prose. But the stylistic devices used in the publicistic style are not fresh or genuine. Publicistic style is also characterized by brevity of expression. In some varieties of this style it becomes a leading feature, an important linguistic means. In essays brevity sometimes becomes epigrammatic. Oratory and Speeches Oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the publicistic style. Direct contact with the listeners permits the combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. In its leading features, however, oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience («ladies and gentlemen», «honorable members», the use of the 2nd person pronoun «you»), sometimes contractions (I’ll, won’t, haven’t, isn’t) and the use of colloquial words. This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law. The Essay The essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. Personality in the treatment of theme and naturalness of expression are two of the most obvious characteristics of the essay. This literary genre has definite linguistic traits which shape the essay as a variety of the publicistic style. The most characteristic language features of the essay are:
Articles Irrespective of the character of the magazine and the divergence of subject matter - whether it is political, literary, popular-scientific or satirical - all the already mentioned features of the publicistic style are to be found in any article. The character of the magazine as well as the subject chosen affects the choice and use of stylistic devices. Words of emotive meaning, for example, are few, if any, in popular scientific articles. Their exposition is more consistent and the system of connectives more expanded than, say, in a satirical style. The language of political magazines articles differs little from that of newspaper articles. But such elements of the publicistic style as rare and bookish words, neologisms (which sometimes require explanation in the text), traditional words combinations and parenthesis are more frequent here than in newspaper articles. Literary reviews stand closer to essays both by their content and by their linguistic form. More abstract words of logical meaning are used in them, they more often resort to emotional language and less frequently to traditional set expressions. Newspaper Style English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the leader. Since the primary function of the newspaper style is to impart information the four basic newspaper features are:
Brief News Items The function of a brief news is to inform the reader. It states only facts without giving comments. This accounts for the total absence of any individuality of expression and the almost complete lack of emotional coloring. It is essentially matter-of-fact, and stereotyped forms of expression prevail. The newspaper style has its specific features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
Besides, some grammatical peculiarities may characterize the style:
The Headline The headline is the title given to a news item or a newspaper article. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is about. Sometimes headlines contain elements of appraisal, i.e. they show the reporter’s or paper’s attitude to the facts reported. The basic language peculiarities of headlines lie in their structure. Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of patterns:
Advertisements and Announcements The function of advertisements and announcements, like that of brief news, is to inform the reader. There are two basic types of advertisements and announcements in the modern English newspaper: classified and non-classified. In classified advertisements and announcements various kinds of information are arranged according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name. As for non-classified advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features common to all may be pointed out. The reader’s attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical, graphical and stylistic, both lexical and syntactical. Here there is no call for brevity, as the advertiser may buy as much space as he chooses. The Editorial Editorials are intermediate phenomenon bearing the stamp of both the newspaper style and the publicistic style. The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comments on the political and other events of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor’s opinion and interpretation of news published and suggest to the reader that it is the correct one. Like any publicistic writing, editorials appeal not only to the reader’s mind but to his feelings as well. Scientific Prose The language of science is governed by the aim of the functional style of scientific prose, which is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between phenomena, etc. The language means used, therefore, tend to be objective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality; there is a striving for the most generalized form of expression. The first and most noticeable feature of the style in question is the logical sequence of utterances with clear indication of their interrelation and interdependence. The second and no less important one is the use of terms specific to a certain branch of science. The third characteristic feature is sentence pattern of three types: postulatory, argumentative, and formulative. The fourth observable feature is the use of quotations and references. The fifth one is the frequent use of foot-notes of digressive character. The impersonality of scientific writing can also be considered a typical feature of this style. The characteristic features enumerated above do not cover all the peculiarities of scientific prose, but they are the most essential ones. Official Documents The style of official documents, like other styles, is not homogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or variants:
This style has a definite communicative aim and accordingly has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the condition binding two parties in an undertaking. In other words the aim of communication in this style of language is to reach argument between two contracting parties. Even protest against violations of statutes, contracts, regulations, etc., can also be regarded as a form by which normal cooperation is sought on the basis of previously attained concordance. As in the case with the above varieties this style also has some peculiarities:
EXERCISE Exercise 1. Analyze the texts below and indicate the basic style-forming characteristics of each style and overlapping features:
...The noble and learned Earl, Lord Jowitt, made a speech of much persuasiveness on the second reading raising this point, and today as is natural and proper, he has again presented with his usual skill, and I am sure with the greatest sincerity, many of the same considerations. I certainly do not take the view that the argument in this matter is all on the side. One could not possibly say that when one considers that there is considerable academic opinion at the present time in favour of this change, and in view of the fact that there are other countries under the British Flag where, I understand, there was a change in the law, to a greater or less degree, in the direction which the noble and learned Earl so earnestly recommends to the House. But just as I am very willing to accept the view that the case for resisting the noble Earl’s Amendment is not overwhelming, so I do not think it reasonable that the view should be taken that the argument is practically and considerably the other way. The real truth is that, in framing statuary provisions about the law of defamation, we have to choose the sensible way between two principles, each of which is greatly to be admitted but both of which run into some conflict.
THE CARBURETTOR The purpose of the carburettor is to provide a mixture of petrol and air for combustion in the engine. The mixture normally consists of one part (by weight) of petrol to fifteen parts of air, but this mixture varies quite considerably with temperature and engine speed. If there is a higher proportion of petrol the mixture is said to be «rich». A higher proportion of air gives a «weak» mixture. Very simply, the carburettor consists of a tube through which the air is drawn, and a series of very small holes known as jets which break the petrol up into tiny droplets and pass it into the airstream in the form of a mist. The mixture of petrol mist and air is sucked along an inlet pipe (induction manifold) and then, by way of branches in the pipe, into each cylinder. A float chamber in the carburettor provides a small reserve of petrol for the jets and ensures an even supply. The flow of air into the carburettor is controlled by a «butterfly throttle», which is a flap that can be opened and closed by operating the accelerator pedal in the car. Pressing the accelerator opens the throttle. This lets in more air which in turn sucks more petrol vapour through the main jet. The mixture passes into the cylinders making the engine run faster.
September 16, 1998 FRAMES-BY-YOU 126 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 17503 ATTENTION: MS. CYBEL MEGAN Dear Sirs: We are pleased to have received your order of September 15 and would like to welcome you as a new customer of Payton’s Plastics. Your order (No. 62997) for one dozen 4’’x 5’’ sheets of 1/8’’ Lucite is being processed and will be ready for shipment on September 21. It will be delivered to your workshop by our own van, and payment will be c.o.d. (our policy for all orders under $100). We are sure you will appreciate the clear finish and tensile strength of our entire line of plastics. Ms. Julie Methel, your sales representative, will call on you soon with a catalog and samples. Cordially, PAYTON’S PLASTICS, INC. Howard Roberts Customer relations (4) An extract from a contract for sale/purchase of goods: The Supplier guarantees that the goods are in all respects in accordance with the description, technical conditions and specifications of the order, that they are free from defects in material, design and workmanship and they conform to the Supplier's highest standards. Should the goods prove defective during the period of 12 months from the date of putting the machine, equipment or instruments into operation but not more than 18 months from the date of shipment, the Supplier undertakes to remedy the defects or to replace the faulty goods delivering them c.i.f. Baltic or Black Sea port at the Buyer's option, free of charge, or to refund the value of the goods paid by the Buyer.
Ageism Factor I blame Prince Philip, rather than the Queen, for the extraordinarily silly decision to support Jeffrey Archer’s private bill which will allow a female child of the monarch to inherit the crown if she is born before her brothers. Although it may seem vaguely progressive and modern, even feminist, the truth is that it will do nothing for women’s dismal role within the reproductive system which is the basis of all disadvantages. If the monarchy is seen as a prize which anyone would want, then it might make some sort of sense to open it up further to women, but in those circumstances, the proposal emphasizes another injustice. If the former arrangement was sexist, the new one is unacceptably ageist. Why should one child be preferred to another just because it is older? In the new spirit of the age, we have to accept that the younger our leaders or rulers, the better their image. That is why the Conservatives are now led by exciting, 36-year old William Hague. Some of us might be regretting the choice. Most, I think, would agree he made a mistake in allowing his spin-doctors to persuade him to adopt the accents of Wallace, the television entertainer of Wallace and Gromit fame, to promote his «young» image. Even so, the superiority of youth is now unassailable. Before too long, when the monarchy falls vacant, it will go to the youngest child of either sex... are we soon to be told that the Queen will become such a law? We rather look to the monarchy to protect us from such nonsense. In point of fact, as I said, I suspect that Prince Philip is to blame for this latest bit of mischief. He and Jeffrey Archer are simply sending rude messages to their sons. Lord Archer is a Life Peer, so his opinions are not of the slightest interest on this or any other subject, but Prince Philip deserves a small rap on the knuckles. Some things are too important to joke about. (The Daily Telegraph, March 2, 1998)
Standard Investor Seeking to Sell Stake Standard Chartered is expected to be back in the bid limelight today after reports that its biggest shareholder is looking to sell his 15pc stake. Malaysian businessman Tan Sri Khoo is said to have been attempting to find a buyer through a third party, with Barclays Bank one of the prime targets. The stake is believed to have figured in the short-lived and tentative negotiations over a Barclays bid for Standard. Banking sources said yesterday there were two approaches involving Barclays and Standard. But Standard sources disputed suggestions that Malcolm Williamson, chief executive, was the driving force behind one of them despite a meeting with Martin Taylor, Barclays chief executive. Mr. Khoo has maintained «close and friendly» links with Standard since helping the bank beat off an unwelcome bid from Lloyds more than a decade ago. Banking sources say that he is unlikely to make any move without consulting Patrick Gillam, Standard chairman, or seeking his approval. One said: «He wouldn’t want to do anything which would upset Standard but it would be surprising if he hadn’t been approach about selling his stake. He’s been tremendously supportive over the years». (The Daily Telegraph, March 2, 1998)
Companies for Sale POLLUTION CONTROL. Company located West Midlands. Having own modern facility in pleasant rural area with easy access to motorway network. Company formed in 1980. Current turnover approx 750K. Profitable. Trading in UK and internationally. Designs, supplies, installs water and wastewater treatment plant specializing in industrial treatment schemes. (The Daily Telegraph, March 2, 1998)
William, my teacher, my friend! dear William and dear Dorothea! Smooth out the folds of my letter, and place it on desk or on table; Place it on table or desk; and your right hands loosely half-closing, Gently sustain them in air, and extending the digit didactic, Rest it a moment on each of the forks of the five-forked left hand, Twice on the breadth of the thumb, and once on the tip of each finger; Read with a nod of the head in a humouring recitativo; And, as I live, you will see my hexameters hopping before you. This is a galloping measure; a hop, and a trot, and a gallop! STYLISTICS AND TRANSLATION As we already know, stylistic devices that can be used in a text are manifold and various. That, certainly, does not mean that the problems a translator will have to solve while dealing with stylistic peculiarities of the text being translated from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL) are no less numerous. Surprisingly, despite the obvious diversity of stylistic means, in reality we can speak of only two stylistic aspects of translation. First, a translator is supposed to preserve in the target text those stylistic features of the original that manifest the appurtenance of the source text to a certain functional style. Yet, one reservation is to be made here: preserving properties characteristic of the given functional style in SL the final text, i.e. the text of translation must conform to the requirements to the same functional style in TL. One should bear in mind that one and the same functional style may have somewhat different features in SL and TL. That means that it would not be too wise just to transfer stylistic features from the source text into the target text. As a rule, some stylistic transformations are necessary to make the target text comply with the requirements of the genre and style in TL. Second, there always exists a problem of rendering a certain stylistic device (mainly figures of speech and lexical units) from one language into another. Not all of them have correspondences in other languages. And even when they do have them, those correspondences may be found to be inappropriate in the target text as they are not in conformity with the requirements of the given functional style in TL or they may be just incoherent for the reader of the final text. As the saying goes, «What’s good for a Russian cause death to a German». Thus, in each particular case a translator is expected to come to a decision as to what means he would use to preserve in translation the stylistic colouring created by a certain device in the original without violating the rules imposed by the functional style in TL and making the text incoherent and incomprehensible. It is noteworthy, though, that texts belonging to different functional styles employ different sets of not quite identical stylistic devices, which simplifies the process of translation in some cases and makes it more difficult in other cases. Appurtenance of a text to a certain functional style is a factor of great importance in translation. Due to this factor the two stylistic aspects of translation get interrelated and interwoven to such an extent that in practice it is just impossible to separate them. The following exercises will help a student of translation to understand how the two tasks mentioned above may be solved in practice. EXERCISES Exercise 1. Analyze the means of rendering the stylistic effect produced by figures of speech in the following examples. Was the task fulfilled successfully?
|
Похожие:
 |
В. В. Сдобников, А. В. Селяев, С. Н. Чекунова Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации в качестве учебного пособия для студентов |
|
Секция "Перевод и межкультурная коммуникация" Р е д а к ц и о н н а я к о л л е г и я: канд филол наук, доц. В. В. Сдобников (отв редактор), кнд филол наук, доц. Л. А. Аверкина,... |
|
Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению хронического панкреатита Москва 2013 Рамн проф. Ивашкин В. Т. Координатор работы: член-корр рамн проф. Маев И. В. Научный Совет: проф. Ивашкин В. Т., проф. Маев И. В.,... |