Учебное пособие для студентов, обучающихся по специальности «История», «Музеология»

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c) Make up 3 sentences of your own using the words from each category.
Ex. 5. Translate from Russian into English:

1. 
   Хотя Шумерская цивилизация доминировала в законодательстве, религии и искусстве Месопотамии, истоки ее не ясны.
   
2. 
   Огромным достижением Шумерской цивилизации была клинопись: клинообразные надписи создавались с помощью тростниковой палочки на влажных глиняных дощечках, которые потом высушивались на солнце.
   
3. 
   Изначально Шумерское письмо было пиктографическим, где каждый знак был похож на изображаемый объект и означал слово.
   
4. 
   Развитие фонетизации стало следующим важным этапом в становлении письменности, где знак стал обозначать звук.
   
5. 
   Клинописные дощечки использовались в повседневной жизни: при учете скота пастухами, для составления контрактов и списка налогов, при ведении счетов.
   
6. 
   Шумерский город - государство включал в себя городской центр и прилегающие сельскохозяйственные земли и был изолирован от других географически.
   
7. 
   Зиггурат находился в центре города-государства и был посвящен богу или богине, которая покровительствовала городу.
   
8. 
   Священники контролировали экономику города, которая была перераспределительной: фермеры приносили продукцию в храм, а священники отдавали ее богам, распределяя остатки между людьми.
   
9. 
   Политеистическая по своей природе, Шумерская религия обожествляла все стороны человеческой жизни: эти божества были бессмертны, но не всемогущи.
   
10. 
    Согласно Шумерскому мифу, люди были созданы, чтобы выполнять ручной труд для богов; в результате люди стали искать способ узнать их намерения, что привело к развитию искусства гадания.
    

Ex. 6. Make a brief report on one of the following topics:


Text B
Digging in the Land of Magan
Read the following article without a dictionary and find the answers to the questions:

1. 
   What proofs show that ancient cultures existed in Arabian Peninsula 8000 years ago?
   
2. 
   What famous ancient city was discovered in the middle of the XX century? Where was it situated?
   
3. 
   What artifacts were discovered near Jabal-Hafit?
   
4. 
   Where might the legendary Land of Magan be?
   

Excavations yield evidence of cultures spanning some 8,000 years.

Oman's early settlers were Neolithic pastoralists and seafaring people who worked trade routes from Mesopotamia to the Indus Valley. Arrowheads found in Qatar in 1960 by Danish prehistorian Holgar Kapel and ash from ancient campfires found in Muscat in 1983 are the earliest evidence of the nomads who followed their flocks south from the Levant, settling the Arabian peninsula 8,000 years ago. Remains of Neolithic camps found during the past three decades suggest that as Arabia's climate became wetter, these herders thrived, roaming in widely dispersed groups from Syria and Iraq in the north to Dhofar in southern Oman.

The resources of the Arabian Gulf supported fishing communities along the coast. In the 1970s Italian archaeologists unearthed shell and fishbone middens, evidence of a 7,000-year-old fishing village at Ras al Hamra, a rocky promontory in Qurum, ten miles west of Muscat. Carbon dating indicates that these middens and burials were in continuous use from 6000 to 3000 B.C. A dearth of faunal remains suggests that the community was isolated from inland areas, where small game was abundant.

In the 1950s Danish archaeologists excavating grave mounds in Bahrain, northwest of Oman, found 4,200-year-old settlements and temples of the city-state of Dilmun, known as the city of the gods in ancient Sumerian literature. Their 1959 discovery on the island of Umm an-Nar off Abu Dhabi of a second, previously unknown culture contemporary with Dilmun was unexpected. At the site an outer wall enclosed circular graves, 15 to 40 feet in diameter and often two stories high, in which as many as 30 people were buried. Spurred on by the discoveries at Dilmun and Umm an-Nar, Danish archaeologists excavated 200 single-chambered burial cairns in 1961 near Jabal Hafit on the Oman-United Arab Emirates border. There they discovered a culture earlier than that of Dilmun or Umm an-Nar. Excavation yielded jars with geometric designs painted in black, white, and plum red; copper and bronze pins; and stone and faience beads. The jars were the same type as those used in southern Mesopotamia around 3000 B.C. Unfortunately there is little trace of the ancient settlements associated with these tombs.

Was Oman the land of Magan, which appears in Sumerian cuneiform texts ca. 2300 B.C. as a source of copper and diorite for the flourishing city-states of Mesopotamia? These texts tell us that ships with a cargo capacity of 20 tons sailed up the Arabian Gulf, stopping at Dilmun to take on fresh water before continuing to Mesopotamia. They also say that Magan lay south of Sumer and Dilmun, was frequented by Indus Valley travelers, and had high mountains from which diorite or gabbro for black statues was quarried. Research since the 1970s has located significant copper deposits and more than 150 medieval Islamic smelting sites. Excavations by the German Mining Museum have identified numerous Magan-period (2500-2000 B.C.) slag heaps under tons of medieval slag and third millennium remains from mining and smelting at the oasis village of Maysar in central-eastern Oman. A hoard of bun-shaped copper ingots found in a small fireplace indicates the form in which copper was traded.

Today, oil has taken the place of copper and frankincense as the source of Oman's wealth. Development has led to the destruction of many historical and ancient sites--some before they have been identified, let alone excavated. We can only hope that the remaining sites can be saved for excavation before they are swallowed up in the country's march toward modernity.

by M. Redha Bhacker and Bernadette Bhacker

the Archaeological Institute of America

Vol. 50 №3, May/June 1997

Ex. 1. Give a written translation of the text, paying attention to historical terminology.
Lesson 5
Text A
The Code of Hammurabi
Answer the following questions:
Do you know when the first laws appeared?

Who was Hammurabi?

What do you know about his laws?
Study the pronunciation of the following proper names:
Babylonia [bæbi′loniə] - Вавилония (древнее государство на юге Месопотамии).

Code of Hammurabi [kəud əv həmu′ra:bi] – Кодекс Хаммурапи, Законы Хаммурапи.

Hammurabi [həmu′ra:bi] – Хаммурапи (царь Вавилонии, 1792-1750).
Study the following words and expressions:
accuse [ə′kjuz], v - обвинять

accusation [əkju′zei∫n], n - обвинение

artisan [′a:tizæn], n – ремесленник, мастеровой

burglary [′bə:gləri], n – кража

dedicate [′dedikeit], v –посвящать

defendant [di′fend(ə)nt], n – ответчик, подсудимый, обвиняемый

divination [¸divi′nei∫(ə)n], n - предсказание

dowry [′dauəri], n – приданое

gadabout [′gædəbaut], n - гулящий

inheritance [in′herit(ə)ns], n – наследство

landholding [′lændholdiŋ], n - землевладение

loot [lu:t], v - грабить

party [′pa:ti], n – сторона

restitution [¸resti′tju:∫(ə)n], n – возмещение убытков

retaliation [ri′tæli¸ei∫(ə)n], n - оплата, возмездие

subservient [səb′sɜ:vient], adj – раболепный, послушный
according to the code – согласно кодексу

to arrange marriages – устраивать браки

at the builder’s expense – за счет строителя

to be dedicated to – быть посвященным

to be responsible for – быть ответственным за

to bring charge – выносить обвинение

to commit offenses – совершать правонарушения

to condemn [kən′dem] to slavery - приговаривать к рабству

false testimony [′fว:ls ′testiməni] – ложные показания, свидетельство

to make a tenfold restitution - возмещать убытки в десятикратном размере

to pay debts [dets] – платить долги

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