ВАРИАНТ 11
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1. Что такое действительный или активный залог? 2. Как образуются настоящее, прошедшее и будущее время в активном залоге в английском языке? 3. Что такое пассивный или страдательный залог? Укажите как образуются времена в этом залоге в английском языке.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed.
1. A water-powered engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turns it. 2. The new reclining seats with built-up TV-sets are installed in the modern streamlined carriages. 3. His unexpected arrival upset all my plans. 4. Rudolf Diesel designed an engine, which was one of the remarkable engineering achievements of the 20th century. 5. When first proposed, the project of constructing the Channel Tunnel seemed impracticable.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
RAILROAD MODERNIZATION
Like their younger competitors, the railroads have become specialized carriers that concentrate on the types of transportation for which they are best suited. Railroads are particularly efficient at moving large volumes of bulk commodities such as coal or ore over long distances and transporting marine containers and piggyback highway trailers. Railroads are also efficient at carrying commuter passengers between suburbs and city centers and providing comfortable, fast intercity passenger services.
New technologies – in design, materials, and methods – have helped railroads become still more efficient. After World War II, for example, strong concrete crossties replaced wooden ties on many railroads, especially in Europe. Rail welded into long sections became the standard for most busy main lines. By the 1960s high-speed passenger trains were introduced.
Japan's so-called “bullet train” was in the forefront of the new technology. It began operating on Oct. 1, 1964, to mark Asia's first Olympic Games, which were held in Tokyo. The first section of the fabled Shinkansen (New Trunk Line, known as the New Tokaido Line) was a 320-mile (515-kilometer) stretch between Tokyo and Osaka. A 100-mile (160-kilometer) extension from Osaka to Okayama was completed in 1972, and the final segment – a 244-mile (393-kilometer) run to the
Hakata station in Fukuoka, northern Kyushu – opened in 1975. Other lines, completed in 1982, radiate north of Tokyo to Niigata and Morioka. The Shinkansen was privatized in 1987.
France's TGV became the supertrain of the 1970s and 1980s. It set a new world speed record of 320 miles an hour in 1990. The newer ten-car TGV trains are powered by front and rear electric locomotives. Computerized controls provide on-board signalization and fail-safe braking.
Some of the other countries where superspeed trains are running or planned are Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Australia, Canada, and the United States. High speed train called Metroliners make daily three-hour trips between New York City and Washington, D.C.; although the trains are capable of faster runs up to 160 miles (260 kilometers) per hour, drawbacks on the existing line hold speeds to a maximum of 100 miles (160 kilometers) per hour.
Several American railroads operate trains of RoadRailers, vehicles that have both rail and highway wheels. On the railroad they run coupled together in trains pulled by locomotives, then are separated and moved by highway tractors to their final destinations.
Among the more advanced systems proposed is the magnetic levitation, or maglev, train. Instead of wheels or steel rails, the system uses coils in the surface of the track, or guide way, to create a magnetic field that lifts the vehicles and propels them forward. By the late 1980s only short test systems had been built in Germany and Japan. Successful experimental runs were first made in the early 1990s using locomotives powered by environmentally friendly natural gas.
Notes: bulk commodities – бестарные грузы, грузы насыпью
piggyback highway trailers – автополуприцепы или прицепы
to weld – сваривать
fail-safe braking – гарантированно надёжное торможение
to couple – сцеплять
magnetic levitation – магнитная левитация (поднятие)
ВАРИАНТ 12
I. Дайте развернутый письменный ответ на вопросы: 1. Что такое инфинитив ? 2. Как образуются причастия первого и второго вида в английском языке? 3. Что такое герундий в английском языке?
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ing.
1. Two or more locomotives are used for pulling trains consisting of 80 freight cars. 2. At the large railway stations information about arriving and departing trains is announced over public address system. 3. When working out the project of the Moscow Metro, the Russian engineers made a careful study of the existing systems abroad. 4. Stopping fuel supply caused serious trouble in the engine. 5. In Russia, many people had doubts about the possibility of using steam engines in the Russian winter.
III. Перепишите и переведите текст.
Train dispatcher
At every railway division there is always a train dispatcher. From every station he receives reports of passing trains. He knows at any time the location of every train on his division. When a train becomes late, or when an extra train is started, it is his business to give the orders which will permit the trains to pass over his division with as little delay as possible. He directs the movement of trains. His work requires quick acting, and above all absolute accuracy. The slightest mistake on the part of the dispatcher may cause a terrible accident. Each dispatcher makes a complete record of the movement of trains on his division. He has to keep traffic moving freely. He provides the best possible utilization of locomotive and train crews, the running of special trains. Train control is carried out from special offices which are equipped with different devices.
extra train - дополнительный поезд
Elevated Railways
At the end of the 19-th century the street traffic in big towns became heavy because of rapid development of public transport. After careful studies of the problem some American cities decided that it would be cheaper to build elevated railway carried by high supports above the streets with busy road traffic. Although these elevated railways produced much noise they became popular because they saved people much time. The project of the "EL" (a shortened form of "elevated railways") was put forward by Charles Harvey. The designer believed that his railway would be a convenient passenger transport in big cities. Indeed, the experiments with the newly designed system were a success, and soon main parts of New York were linked by the elevated railway. The cars were drawn along the track by means of a cable and attained a high speed.
The "EL" was so popular that at one time over one million passengers were travelling on it each day. In later years, however, the underground lines, buses and motor cars took away the traffic from "EL" railway and it had to be closed down.
Elevated Railways - железные дороги на эстакаде
ВОПРОСЫ ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ К ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННОМУ ЗАЧЕТУ
Дифференцированный зачет состоит из двух заданий: первое – устная проверка знаний грамматического материала, второе – письменный перевод текста по специальности.
Темы для проверки знаний грамматического материала:
Виды интонаций в английском языке.
Притяжательный падеж существительных.
Употребление артиклей с именем существительного.
Образование множественного числа имени существительного.
Степени сравнения прилагательных.
Степени сравнения наречий.
Особенности употребления числительных.
Глагол to be.
Образование настоящего времени.
Типы вопросов.
Употребление глаголов to have/ to has.
Наклонения глаголов.
Конструкция there is/are.
Образование будущего времени.
Оборот to be going to.
Типы местоимений.
Образование прошедшего времени.
Предлоги места, времени, направления и движения.
Имя числительное: простые и десятичные дроби, проценты, возведение в степень.
Причастие.
Инфинитив.
Герундий.
Пассивный залог.
Словообразование.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
Прямая и косвенная речь.
Структура предложения.
Условные предложения.
Сложное предложение.
Знаки препинания в английском языке.
Тексты по специальности для письменного перевода:
DENMARK’S NEW ROYAL COACH
Queen Margarethe II of Denmark has been presented with a new royal coach by Danish State Railways (DSB) on the occasion of her 60th birthday. With a maximum speed of 200 km/h, it can be used in locomotive-hauled trains in most European countries. The coach is a conversion of a 26.4m-long coach built by Linke-Hofmann-Busch, Germany, in 1987. It was originally used as a dining car but fell into disuse with the increasing use of multiple unit trains in Denmark. The Queen, who is a talented artist and stenographer, has taken an active part in the design of the coach in cooperation with DSB’s designers. The coach incorporated a delicate blend of classical Danish design and perfect furnishings. The new royal coach replaces a coach built in 1937 which was used during the same year at the opening of the Storstroms link on the direct line to Germany.
RAILWAYS
The railroad is a form of land transportation that is found in almost every country in the world.
Railroads serve many thousands of communities, from big cities in highly developed nations to tiny villages in remote areas. Railroads carry travelers to and from neighboring communities or on trips across whole continents. They carry raw materials and farm products to manufacturing and
processing plants, and they carry the finished products from those plants to warehouses and stores.
Railroads were designed to move large numbers of passengers or large amounts of freight over long distances. The railroad is the most efficient method of land transportation because it requires the least amount of fuel and human labor and is the least damaging to the environment. Railroads carry about 40 percent of the total volume of freight transportation in the United States. The world has a total of more than 738,000 miles (1,187,000 kilometers) of railroad line. Almost all the railroad systems carry both freight and passengers. A railroad is much like a manufacturing business whose sole product is transportation service. To produce that product it requires tracks, cars, locomotives, repair shops, communication systems, and skilled workers.
The Stourbridge Lion, The Bluebell Railway
One day in 1830 people came from miles around the small Pennsylvania town to see the first run of the steam locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion. The engineer refused to let anyone ride with him – perhaps because the engine had not been tested before. As the signal to start was given, there was a moment of suspense. Then, slowly, the wheels began to turn. Cheers went up as engineer Allen opened the throttle wide and began his historic trip. All along the route, men were waving their hats, small boys were shouting, and women were looking in amazement as the Lion thundered past at the fantastic speed of ten miles an hour. Who would have believed that anything so big could move so fast without a horse to pull it!
The Bluebell Railway is a private railroad. About 500 men and women work on the railway in their free time. They don’t get any money – the railway is their hobby. They have old steam engines and carriages – one of them is 120 years old. Passengers can have lunch or dinner in the lovely old restaurant carriage. The Bluebell Railway goes from Sheffield Park to Horsted Keynes and back again. That is about 14 kilometers. The journey there and back takes an hour. The tickets cost three pounds for a single and six pounds for a return. The trains move at a speed of about thirty km per hour. Over two hundred and fifty thousand passengers travel on the Bluebell Railway every year.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Основная
1.Агабекян, И. П. Английский язык [Текст]: учебное пособие для средних специальных учебных заведений./ И.П. Агабекян. – Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2010.
2.Англо-русский словарь [Текст] / В.К. Мюллер. – Москва : ДОМ. 21 век, 2010. − 1018 с.
3.Английский язык [Текст]: учебно-методическое пособие для студентов железнодорожных специальностей дневной формы обучения. Составитель М.В. Жесткова, С.Я. Никитина. Самара: издательство СамГАПС, 2003. – 36с.
4. Английский язык [Текст]: методические указания для студентов 2 курса специальности «Локомотивы». Составитель С.Я. Никитина. Самара: издательство СамГАПС, 2003. – 51с.
5. Английский язык [Текст]: методические указания для студентов 2 курса специальности «Вагоны». Составитель С.Я. Никитина, С.В. Кирищева, Т.А. Филоненко. Самара: издательство СамГАПС, 2004. – 51с.
6.Английский язык [Текст]: методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов 2 курса железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения. Составитель М.В.Жесткова. Самара: издательство СамГАПС, 2004. – 65с.
7.Голубев, А.П. Английский язык [Текст]: учебное пособие для студентов средних профессиональных учебных заведений/А.П. Голубев. − М.: Издательский центр Академия, 2004. − 336 с.
Дополнительная
8.Высотова, И.Е. Английский язык для средних специальных учебных заведений (негуманитарные профили)[Текст]: учебное пособие для студентов негуманитарных профилей / И.Е. Высотова, Ю.А. Зеремская, И.С. Медникова, Н.В. Полякова. − Томск: Ветер, 2009. − 132 с.
9.Карпова, Т.А. Английский для колледжей [Текст]: учебное пособие/Т.А. Карпова. -6-е изд., перераб. и доп.- М.: Дашков и Ко, 2008. – 320 с.
10.Тихонов, А.А. Английский язык. Теория и практика перевода [Текст] : учебное пособие / А.А. Тихонов. – М. : ТК Велби, издательство Проспект, 2005. – 120 с.
Интернет-ресурсы
11.Словарь Яндекс. - Режим доступа http://lingvo.yandex.ru, свободный.
12.Cambridge International Dictionary of English, Cambridge University Press 2004; - Режим доступа Iittp://dictionary.cambridge.org/, свободный.
13.Webster's Online Dictionary with Multilingual Thesaurus Translation, 2006; - Режим доступа http://www.webster-online-dictionary.org, свободный.
14.Webster// словарь. - Режим доступа: http://www.amazon.com, свободный.
|
