Методические рекомендации по выполнению домашней контрольной работы огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык для специальности
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ЗАДАНИЯ К КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЕ ВАРИАНТ 1 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. 1. Our firm guarantees prompt and safe delivery of any freight “from door to door”. 2. You will find all the necessary information about the train movement in the railway-guide. 3. The total length of all railway lines in Russia is equal to three times the length of the Equator. 4. All railwaymen have the right of free travel by train once a year. 5. When we entered the car, we opened the window because it was very stuffy in the compartment. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. Russia (to rank – Present Indefinite Active) second in the world, after the USA, in the length of the railway network. 2. Tomas Bouch (to design – Past Indefinite Active) the Tay Bridge in 1878 and everybody (to speak – Past Indefinite Active) about it as one of the wonders of the world. 3. You (to meet – Future Indefinite Passive) by an agent from the travel bureau at the airport. 4. Liquid goods (to transport – Present Indefinite Passive) in tank cars. 5. The first Stephenson’s steam locomotive (to call – Past Indefinite Passive) “The Rocket”. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. The double-track railways are (convenient) than the single-track railways if the traffic on these lines is very heavy. 2. Both roads lead to the city center, but the left-hand one is a bit (short) and (direct) than the right-hand road. 3. At the conference the engineers discussed (recent) developments in the field of electronics. 4. Railways cause (little) air contamination than other modes of transport. 5. The bridge crosses the river at its (narrow) point. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. THE TRANS-SIBERIAN MAINLINE “The Great Siberian Track” is a well-known name in the history of the Russian State. It was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast. The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century. Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St. Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia. In 1892, the railway network in Russia had a total length of 32,000 km. That very year Samara-Zlatoust railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans-Siberian Mainline. On March 15 1891, Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future Emperor Nicholas II that stated: “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia. I also entrust you with groundbreaking* of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.” Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet won. According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road** and populated areas. The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893. Construction rates were very fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and huge mountains. In less than 15 years, more than 8,600 km of track were laid down. At first 10,000 workers were involved in the construction. Later their number went up to 100,000. Job and living conditions were extremely tough. The main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage. Some of Trans-Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka, etc. The Minister of Railways Vitte wrote: “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands.” Notes: *ground-breaking – начало строительства (дороги) **high road – тракт ВАРИАНТ 2 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. 1. About 60% of the Moscow-St. Petersburg railway line is equipped with an auto-block system, over one third is electrified and more than one fourth has two or three track lines. 2. At first coal gas was used as fuel for diesel engines. 3. The diesel locomotive is not connected to the contact wire, like the electric locomotive, so it is particularly suitable for shunting work. 4. Thanks to new cars with greater capacity, the freight turnover will be increased. 5. Morse invented a code in which the letters of the alphabet were replaced by dots and dashes. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be. 1. There are four pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro car. 2. There is not enough time for us to catch the next train. 3. In the very first days of railways, there were no signals and there was no need for them. 4. There are many goods that can be transported by air. 5. The construction of the first tunnels required much time, effort and money because there were no special equipment for it and only manual labor was used. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. The concrete sleepers are more reliable than the wooden crossties, and they last longer. 2. As the rail joint is the weakest part of the permanent way, it is necessary to use longer rails. 3. The most outstanding miniature railway in the world is the track, which encircles the Disney Park. 4. The efficiency of electric locomotives is 4 times higher than that of steam locomotives. 5. Heathrow, Britain’s largest international airport is linked with the capital by the Underground. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE A bridge is a structure built to cross some natural or artificial obstacles such as river, street, railway and so on. First bridges had to be built out of the material close at hand*. In tropical jungles, suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests, it was wood. Simple suspension bridges were made by means of ropes and are still used in some countries. Two parallel ropes were suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river with a platform of woven mats laid across them. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas** of Peru used suspension bridges made of 6 strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two cables served as handrails***. In Middle Ages, people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan and India. With the beginning of railway construction in the 19th century, there was a great demand for bridges and the railway companies had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. Later there appeared concrete and metal bridges. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain. Nowadays some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them is paper. Nobody considers paper to be a very strong material. However, paper-makers have another opinion. In order to prove it they built a paper bridge across a narrow canyon in Nevada. The bridge had a span of 32 ft****. The designers calculated that it could safety span 80 ft. It took engineers only two months to design the bridge, to test and construct it. For testing, the engineers chose a truck, which weighed 12,000 lb*****. This truck drove quite safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that the bridge can take six times the truckload of 12,000 lb. The bridge itself weighed 9,000 lb. Therefore, the structure was light enough to be laid into place by helicopter. Notes: *material close at hand – подручный материал **Incas – Инки ***handrails – поручни ****ft – фут *****lb – фунт ВАРИАНТ 3 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. 1. This train will proceed to its destination without any stops. 2. The price of the ticket in the London Underground depends on the distance you travel. 3. The invention of a steam engine started the first industrial revolution. 4. The top speed of the first steam locomotive was thirteen miles per hour. 5. Students of technical institutes have practical training at various enterprises, and it gives them an opportunity not only to watch production processes but also to take part in them. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания -s. 1. The first Stephenson’s steam locomotive is demonstrated now in the London museum. 2. There is a train radiotelephone in each driver’s cap and a dispatcher can communicate with the driver in the case of emergency. 3. Almost 500 million vehicles fill the world’s roads nowadays. 4. The driver of the bus is responsible for his passengers’ safety. 5. Heathrow, London’s major airport was opened in 1929 as a small base for airplane tests. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. Russia possesses (heavy) helicopters MI-26 in the world which lift and transport cargos up to 20 tons. 2. This road is (bad) I have ever traveled over. 3. The environment contamination remains one of (important) problems in the modern world. 4. The first steam locomotive the“Rocket” was much (small) and (light) than modern locomotives. 5. The Pan- American Highway is (long) road in the world. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LONDON UNDERGROUND The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843. Twenty years later the first line of the London Underground was opened for traffic. Its length was almost four miles. On that first historic day, 30,000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel in the world. In the early days, the trains were driven by steam locomotives, which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke. It is said that the train staff and porters asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask. The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs. The coaches themselves were small and narrow. According to Pearson’s project, all lines were laid down close to the ground surface. The deep tunneling came later, in 1890. Constructing the tunnel through miles of clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method, which made the construction of most London tunnels possible. One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½-mile tunnel on the Northern line. The first escalator was also installed in the London Underground in 1911. During the World War II, the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of Londoners. Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the underground. The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur. They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and so on. To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames, isolating doors were built in the tunnels. All the trains were equipped with special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track. Nowadays the London Underground is the most popular means of city transport. Its length is about 300 km and it has 273 stations. ВАРИАНТ 4 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. 1. In 1994, Paris became closer to Londoners than Glasgow because the Channel Tunnel was opened for traffic. 2. Box cars are used for the transportation of goods, which require protection against rain. 3. The switch is the mechanism, which is used to move the trains from one track to another. 4. The first passenger cars were lighted by candles; later candles were replaced by oil and gas lamps. Nowadays electricity is used for lighting and heating the passenger carriages. 5. After the reconstruction of the railway, the speed of trains will be increased and the carrying capacity of the line will be raised. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be. 1. There was some engine trouble, and the driver asked the passengers to get off the bus. 2. There is so much traffic on this street during rush hours that it is faster to ride a bike. 3. At the railway station, there are announcement boards that inform passengers when and to what track the train will arrive. 4. The bus pulled up at the stop but to the disappointment of the people there was no room for everybody in it. 5. In April 1998, there was a 300 km traffic jam on the N4 motorway (the main road from London to Wales) at the end of the Easter holidays. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of carrying freight over long distances. 2. The continuous welded rails provide a smoother movement of trains at higher speeds. 3. If you want to get somewhere as quickly as possible the best way is to travel by air. 4. For many centuries before the invention of the steam engine, transportation by water was much easier and cheaper than that by land. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. THE OLDEST RAILWAY IN RUSSIA The St. Petersburg-Moscow Mainline is the oldest and the most outstanding railway in Russia. The project of this railway was proposed by P.P. Melnikov. According to his project “chugunka” was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam-powered. The speed of passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34.4 km and 16 km respectively. The construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years. From the very beginning, the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological conditions. Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and marshes, many rivers were crossed. The line is virtually straight and level. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible. There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the Tzar Nikolay I, who drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway. However, the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by P.P. Melnikov himself. All the component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast iron for rails. One has to give credit* to the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult conditions. Nobody took care of the workers and nobody paid attention to their working conditions. People lived in “shalashes” or dugouts; ate often tainted food; worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees and their main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. The cruel exploitation of the workers was exposed by Nekrasov in his famous poem “The Railway”. The railroad was officially opened for traffic on November 1, 1851. The first train departed from St. Petersburg at 11.15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45 minutes later. There were 17 passengers in the first-class cars, 63 – in the second-class cars and 112 – in the third class cars. The speed of the first trains was 40 km/h but two years later, it was increased up to 60 km/h. It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains. Notes: *one has to give credit – нужно отдать должное |
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