Пояснительная записка Данная рабочая тетрадь предназначена для студентов средних специальных учебных заведений по специальности 230401 Информационные системы (по отраслям)
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ТЕМА 3.5. ИЗВЕСТНЫЕ ЛЮДИ В ОБЛАСТИ НАУКИ И ИНФОРМАТИКИ. Практическое занятие № 19 Bill Gates – the Founder of Microsoft William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1955. He is an American business executive, chairman and chief officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Allen, his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates together with Allen developed a version of the BASIC computer programming language for the first personal computer. In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft’s evolution from the developer of computer programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft World processor. Much of Gates’ success is based on his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has accumulated great wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock, he has been known as a tough competitor who seems to value winning in a competitive environment over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at Microsoft. Answer the questions:
Questions for discussion:
Практическое занятие № 20 M.V. Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was a famous Russian writer, chemist and astronomer who made a lot in literature and science. Lomonosov was born on November 19, 1711, in Denisovka (now Lomonosov), near Archangelsk, and studied at the University of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. After studying in Germany at the Universities of Marburg and Freiberg, Lomonosov returned to St. Petersburg in 1745 to teach chemistry and built a teaching and research laboratory there four years later. Lomonosov is often called the founder of Russian science. He was an innovator in many fields. As a scientist he rejected the phlogiston theory of matter commonly accepted at the time and he anticipated the kinetic theory of gases. He regarded heat as a form of motion, suggested the wave theory of light, and started the idea of conservation of matter. Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and t observe the atmosphere of Venus. Interested in the development of Russian education, Lomonosov helped to found Moscow State University in 1755, and in the same year he wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with modern language. In 1760 he published the first history of Russia. He also revived the art of Russian mosaic and built a mosaic and colored-glass factory. Most of his achievements, however, were unknown outside Russia. He died in St. Petersburg on April 15, 1765. New words: to anticipate – предвидеть, предугадывать to revive – возродить art – искусство Old Church Slavonic language – церковно-славянский язык Answer the questions:
Give a short summary of the text: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Практическое занятие № 21 James Watt James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland, and was taught at home. Later he went to Greenock Grammar School. His technical expertise seems to have been obtained from working in his father’s workshop and from early in life he showed academic promise. His early formal training was an instrument maker in London and Glasgow. Watt combined the expertise of a scientist with that of a practical engineer, for later he was not only to improve the heat engine but also to devise new mechanisms. Watt was interested in making experimental models of steam engines and this marks a historical milestone in engineering development, for they were the first experimental apparatus purposely constructed for engineering research. Watt’s early interest in steam arose from experience in repairing a model steam engine in 1764, and in 1765 he invented the separate steam engine condenser. In 1769 he took out a patent on the condenser in which steam came into direct contact with cold water. That was a milestone by which steam engineering reached its practical and usable form. In 1784 he took out a patent for a reaction turbine at a time when continental engineers were only considering similar approaches. An improved centrifugal governor was to follow in 1788 and a design for a pressure gauge in 1790. In the development of the steam engine James Watt represents the perfection of a sequence of stages beginning with the Newcomer engine and ending with the parallel motion and sun gearing. The latter is said to have been invented by William Murdock but patented by Watt. In the scientific field Watt’s finest memorial, apart from steam engines, is his establishment of the unit of power – the rate of doing work. He coined the term horsepower (hp), one horse being defined as equivalent to 33,000 ft lb/min. James Watt died in 1819 in Heathfield, after a life of incomparable technical value. Later, a statue to Watt was placed in Westminster Abbey. New words: expertise – мастерство instrument – прибор milestone – веха governor – регулятор pressure gauge – манометр (прибор для измерения давления) sequence – последовательность sun gearing – планетарная передача to coin the term – ввести термин ft lb/min – футо-фунтов в минуту На основании полученной из текста информации заполните таблицу:
Give a short summary of the text: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Практическое занятие № 22 Faraday Puts Electricity to Work Michael Faraday, who was born in 1791 and died in 1867, gathered together and set in order all the work of the scientists who had worked on electrical problems before him. In 1823, he discovered how to make an electrical motor. In 1831, he built the first generator, than called dynamo. The modern car has both a starting motor and a generator. The starting motor draws electric current from the car battery to start engine. The generator is driven by the engine to recharge the battery and to furnish electric power for all the electrical conveniences in the car. In 1833, Faraday discovered the laws of electrolysis. The works of many other scientists were influenced by the discoveries made by Faraday. As a result of Faraday’s work Morse was able to invent the electromagnetic telegraph, Bell – the telephone and Edison – the electric light. Their inventions have profoundly changed the lives of nearly everyone in the world. Thus, Edison’s Congressional Medal of Honor certificate declared: “He illuminated the path of progress by his invention”. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов: electrical, problem, motor, generator, dynamo, modern, starting motor, battery, electrolysis, telegraph, telephone, to start, to illuminate. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Найдите все словосочетания с прилагательными electric и electrical и переведите их на русский язык: Electric motor – электродвигатель. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Найдите в тексте словосочетания: обобщить работу, привести работу в порядок, получать электрический ток, запустить двигатель, перезарядить аккумуляторную батарею, снабжать электрической энергией, открыть закон, изобрести электрическое освещение. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Найдите предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге и переведите их. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Преобразуйте предложения в предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге.
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