Given below are the newspaper clips which contain typical collocations about courts and trials. Read them and translate them into Russian using

Russian Parliament has restored the Criminal Code's defamation article, the press office of the State Duma announced Monday. Under the old law, libel was classified as an administrative offence.

• 
  to be convicted of a crime - осудить, признать виновным (в чём-л.)
  
• 
  to file a suit – подать иск
  
• 
  to hоld sb. responsible – признать виновным
  
• 
  plaintiff, claimant or applicant - истец
  
• 
  defendant or respondent - ответчик
  
• 
  evidence - улика; свидетельское показание
  
• 
  to find the accused at fault in – признать виновным
  
• 
  to issue a subpoena
  

• 
  to obtain testimony
  

• 
  a trial - судебное разбирательство; судебный процесс, суд
  

• 
  to acquit (of a crime) – оправдать
  
• 
  to grant (to release on) parole – досрочно условно освободить
  
• 
  to sentence smb. to – приговорить к
  

• 
  a plaintiff / a claimant – истец
  
• 
  aggravating circumstances – отягчающие обстоятельства
  

• 
  affidavit – письменное показание под присягой (syn. testimony)
  
• 
  homicide – убийство
  
• 
  warrant - ордер
  

• 
  to indict / to bring (file, lay, level, raise) an accusation (a charge) (against) / to accuse (smb) of (blame for, charge with) (smth) - обвинять кого-л в чём-л
  
• 
  to plead guilty (not guilty) - признать себя виновным (заявлять о своей невиновности)
  
• 
  on counts of / on a charge of – по обвинению в
  
• 
  a defendant / an accused / a respondent - ответчик; обвиняемый, подсудимый
  
• 
  on bail – под залог
  

• 
  to take into custody — арестовать, взять под стражу
  
• 
  to remand (in custody) – возвращать под стражу
  
• 
  to grant pardon – помиловать
  
• 
  to grant a reprieve – дать отсрочку исполнения приговора
  
• 
  defamation (libel, slander, calumny) - клевета
  

• 
  is formally declared not to have committed the crime
  

• 
  has been accused of breaking the law and is being tried in court
  
• 
  brings a case against another in a court of law
  
• 
  is found guilty of a criminal offence and serving a sentence of imprisonment
  
• 
  a person who helps another commit a crime
  
• 
  a person giving sworn testimony to a court of law
  

• 
  a minor, non-indictable offense
  
• 
  a crime regarded in many judicial systems as more serious than a misdemeanour
  
• 
  the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property
  
• 
  the offense of wilfully telling an untruth in a court after having taken an oath
  
• 
  illegal entry of a building with intent to commit a crime, especially theft
  
• 
  a legal term for any killing of a human being by another human being
  

• 
  Женщина по имени Кристал Мангум арестована по обвинению в поджоге и покушении на убийство своего гражданского мужа.
  
• 
  Бывший начальник таможенного управления признан виновным в получении взятки и осужден к шести годам лишения свободы.
  
• 
  Подозреваемый был немедленно взят под стражу и скоро предстанет перед судом.
  
• 
  Бывший, осужденный за воспрепятствование осуществлению правосудия, сегодня условно-досрочно освобожден.
  
• 
  Президент опроверг заявления о политическом характере дела и сказал, что X. должен признать себя виновным, если хочет быть помилованным.
  
• 
  Польский режиссер Роман Полански сегодня освобожден под залог из тюрьмы швейцарского города Винтертур.
  
• 
  Сотрудник британского МИД Джордж Блейк был признан виновным по всем пунктам обвинения и приговорен к 42 годам лишения свободы.
  
• 
  Cуд принял во внимание отсутствие отягчающих вину обстоятельств, а к смягчающим вину обстоятельствам суд относит: полное признание вины и раскаяние в содеянном.
  
• 
  Несколько высокопоставленных российских чиновников были вызваны повесткой в суд в качестве свидетеля по второму делу ЮКОСа.
  

• 
  a system that allows a prisoner to be released before they have served their full sentence
  
• 
  a state of being detained or held under guard, especially by the police
  
• 
  a writ ordering a person to attend a court
  
• 
  a crime committed consciously and intentionally
  
• 
  a forgiveness of a crime and the penalty associated with it
  
• 
  a security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested person as a guarantee of that person's appearance for trial
  
• 
  a court document authorizing the police to detain someone
  
• 
  a written statement with details of the crimes someone is charged with
  
• 
  a communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual a negative image and is the damaging of someone's good reputation by saying something bad and untrue about them
  

TALKING BUSINESS
Given below are extracts from the budget speeches of the US President and the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer. Read them paying special attention to the italicized collocations, translate the texts into Russian using the vocabulary notes that follow.




…The country went into this global recession with employment at an all-time high, inflation, public debt and interest rates at low levels. As an open economy, we are affected by the collapse in demand in other countries. The irresponsibility that led to the current crisis includes the failure to rein in spending, as well as reliance on borrowing to fuel our growth.

Like any business, we're also looking for ways to get more bang for our buck, by promoting innovation and cutting red tape.

I also want to note even though the Department of Defence is exempt from the budget freeze, it's not exempt from budget common sense. And there are other steps we're taking to rein in deficits such as a fee on big banks to pay back taxpayers for the bailout…

…As we can all testify, this country's economy is strong and getting stronger. Our measures to curb inflation have proved highly successful. The rampant inflation of the previous government is a thing of the past.

We are particularly proud of the steady growth experienced by small businesses. We have made it our aim to safeguard their interests. The plummeting profits caused by the previous government's misguided policies are now safely behind them.

Our goal is to establish world-class public services to ensure that taxpayers receive real value for money. These are also vital to tackle social exclusion and improve people's life chances. The taxes that we levy allow us to allocate resources to achieve that goal.

Another of our goals is to win the battle against the black economy. If left unchecked , the loss to our economy of tax evasion practices will push up costs and lead to rising unemployment. This government is committed to its eradication…

…Next year, because of the substantial recovery measures put in place inflation is expected to continue coming down sharply, reaching 1 per cent.

The housing market is being held back by a lack of mortgage credit.

The loss of consumer confidence and credit crunch has led to a sharp fall in demand around the world. In order to help the car industry and retail trade, I can announce that a scrappage scheme will be implemented next month.

The financial sector, which provided 27 per cent of corporate tax revenues, was already badly hit…
ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST

rate

interest ~ процентная ставка

inflation ~ уровень инфляции

tax rate ~ ставка налога

demand

a collapse/fall in ~падение спроса

to meet/satisfy ~ удовлетворять спрос

to be in demand — пользоваться спросом

brisk / enormous / great / strong demand — большой спрос

inflation

to rein in/to curb ~ – взять под контроль

rampant ~ - неконтролируемая, безудержно растущая

to rely on borrowing – рассчитывать на заемные средства

to fuel growth – способствовать росту (stimulate, boost, encourage, intensify)

to promote innovation – способствовать инновациям

to cut (through) red tape – преодолеть бюрократические препоны

to be exempt from – быть освобожденным от

to exempt from – обождать от

a bailout – государственная поддержка

recovery measures – меры по оздоровлению экономики

a mortgage credit – ипотечный кредит

to allocate/allot/give/allow/supply/provide/extend) ~ выделять/предоставлять кредит

to raise ~ брать кредит

to obtain/receive ~ получать кредит

to decline/refuse ~ отказать в кредите

to allow / extend / give / grant ~ предоставлять кредит

to lose consumer confidence – потерять доверие потребителя

a credit crunch – финансовый кризис

a scrappage scheme – программа утилизации автомобилей

tax revenues – доход от налогов, налоговые поступления

to tackle social exclusion – преодолеть социальную исключенность

to levy/collect taxes – взимать налоги

to evade/avoid/dodge ~ - уклоняться от уплаты налогов

a tax burden - налоговое бремя

to ease / reduce / relieve ~ - снизить, уменьшить ~

to increase ~ - повысить ~
Ex.1 Match the words given below with their definitions that follow

Bailout, inflation, mortgage credit, trade barriers, scrappage scheme, revenue, demand, red tape, austerity measures, budget deficit, downturn, streamlining, competitiveness

1. 
   a decline in economic, business, or other activity
   
2. 
   the excess of a government's total expenditure over its income
   
3. 
   difficult economic conditions created by government measures to reduce a budget deficit
   
4. 
   making (an organization or system) more efficient and effective by employing faster or simpler working methods
   
5. 
   the desire of consumers, clients, etc. for a particular commodity, service, or other item
   
6. 
   the ability to compete in markets for goods or services
   
7. 
   adherence to official rules and formalities, excessive bureaucracy
   
8. 
   giving financial assistance to a failing business or economy to save it from collapse
   
9. 
   a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money
   
10. 
    a loan obtained through the conveyance of property as security
    
11. 
    laws, institutions, or practices which make trade between countries more difficult or expensive than trade within countries
    
12. 
    a government budget program to promote the replacement of old vehicles with modern vehicles
    
13. 
    income, especially of an organization, and of a substantial nature
    

Ex.2 Match the words in the columns with the following nouns, give synonyms if possible, translate the collocations into Russian (you will need to consult a dictionary as some collocations are not on your ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST)

Demand, deficit, budget, credit, tax, market