Учебное пособие для студентов юридических специальностей chapter I law
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Legal English - 1 Английский для юристов Учебное пособие для студентов юридических специальностей CHAPTER I LAWUnit 1 Introduction to LawBefore you read Discuss these questions.
Introduction to Law In the opinion of many people, the law is a necessary evil that should be used only when everyday informal ways of settling disputes break down. If our neighbour plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, lawyers or the courts. Only when we are injured in a train accident, or when a neighbour refuses to behave reasonably, do we start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities. Even so, some transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice; for example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. In some societies, such as the United States, precise written contracts, lawyers, and courts of law have become a part of daily life, whereas in others, such as Japan, lawyers are few and people tend to rely on informal ways of solving disagreements. It is interesting that two highly industrialized societies should be so different in this respect. On the whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ expensive experts to ensure them their contracts are valid wherever they do business. Non-industrialized tribes in South America use lawyers in order to try to stop governments from destroying the rainforests in which they live. In the former Soviet republics where law was long regarded as merely a function of political power, ordinary citizens nowadays challenge the decisions of their governments in courts of law. And at a time when workers, refugees, commodities and environmental pollution are travelling around the world faster than ever before, there are increasing attempts to internationalize legal standards. When it helps ordinary people to reach just agreements across social, economic and international barriers, law seems to be regarded as a good thing. However, when it involves time and money and highlights people`s inability to cooperate informally, law seems to be an evil – but a necessary one that everyone should have a basic knowledge of. Vocabularyaccident n несчастный случай behave reasonably вести себя разумно break down v сорвать (переговоры); разорвать (отношения) challenge the decisions оспаривать решения commodity, n commodities n pl товар, товары contract n договор; контракт; valid contract юридически действительный договор; неоспоримый договор court n суд; судья; court of law суд, действующий по нормам статутного или общего права discuss the matter обсудить вопрос environmental pollution n загрязнение окружающей среды implication n 1 условие, предпосылка; 2 вывод; значение; смысл; legal implication юридический вывод/смысл; юридически подразумеваемое положение inability n отсутствие право- и/или дееспособности injure v причинить вред; получить телесные повреждения law n 1 право; 2 закон lawyer n юрист; адвокат; юрисконсульт legal means n законные средства police n полиция; полицейские; consult the police обратиться в полицию political power государственная власть, политическая власть property n 1 собственность; 2 имущество reach a just agreement достичь справедливой (законной) договорённости (соглашения) refugee n беженец; эмигрант seek (sought, sought) legal advice просить юридического совета; просить о юридической консультации set up (a business) основывать (дело) settle dispute урегулировать спор solve disagreement устранять разногласия, разрешать разногласия transaction n сделка; операция; дело tribe n племя; род Reading tasks A Comprehension check. 1 Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. a Japanese prefer written agreements to informal ones. b There are more lawyers in the United States than in Japan. c Contracts and courts of law are a part of ordinary people`s daily life in all industrialized countries. d There are increasing attempts to internationalize legal standards. 2 Give examples of the growing uses of law throughout the world. B Answer these questions.
Language focus Put the verb in brackets into the correct form, present simple, past simple or present perfect. It is obvious to everyone that, in a community such as the one in which we 1) _______ (live), some kind of law is necessary. When the world was at a very primitive stage, there 2) _____ (be) no such law. But, for a very long time now, members of every community 3) _______ (make) laws for themselves in self-protection. Every day of our lives we are restrained and guided by law. It 4) _______ (protect) us while it 5) _________ (restrict) us. Sometimes it 6) _______ (punish) us. It 7) _______(determine) the registration of our births and the distribution of our possessions at death. It tells us how fast we 8) _______ (can) drive and how long we 9) ______ (must) attend school. Every country 10) _______ (try), therefore, to provide laws which will help its people to live safely and as comfortably as possible. This is not at all an easy thing to do, and no country 11) _______ (be) successful in producing laws which are entirely satisfactory. But we are far better off with the imperfect laws which we 12) _______ (have), than if we had none at all. Vocabulary tasks A Match the English words and expressions with their Russian equivalents. 1 law a суд 2 settle a dispute b обратиться в полицию 3 negotiations broke down c юрист 4 consult the police d несчастный случай 5 lawyer e юридически подразумеваемое положение 6 court f переговоры сорвались 7 accident g закон 8 legal implication h урегулировать спор B Find in the text the English equivalents for the following words and expressions.
C Complete the text with the words and phrases from the box.
A law is a norm for 1) ______ . Law embodies the 2) _______ that a political society has made about how life in that community is to be lived. Law is a method for 3) _____ whatever values a community wishes to achieve – protection of 4) _______, assurance of 5) _______ , clean streets, equal treatment of all races, 6) _______ of contracts. In a 7) _______ community, persons must protect their own lives and property. But law takes over the task of protection by forbidding acts that are socially disapproved, and 8) _______ those acts when they are committed. The first and fundamental positive law of all communities is the establishing of the 9) _______ . D Complete the following text by translating the words and expressions in brackets. Use the correct form of the appropriate words and phrases from the box.
The Aims of LawLaw has several aims. They are all concerned with making society more stable and enabling people to (1 – процветать). The law forbids certain ways of behaving like (2 – убийство, 3 – письменная клевета), and requires others, like paying (4 – подоходный налог). If people (5 – не подчиняться правилам) the law threatens them with something unpleasant (often called a (6 – санкция)), like being punished or having to (7 – выплачивать компенсацию). The idea is that within this framework of do’s and dont’s people can (8 – жить в безопасности). If they are more secure they will treat one another better. A second aim is the following. Laws guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, (9 – составлять завещания), form companies and so on that the state will if necessary (10 – обеспечивать соблюдение) these arrangements. A third aim is to (11 – разрешать споры) about what the law is and whether it (12 – нарушен). Taking these three aims together, we see that law not only (13 – угрожать) those who do what it (14 – запрещать) but promises to (15 – защищать) people’s interests. It (16 – накладывать ограничения) on them but also gives them certain guarantees. Lastly, a very important aim of law is to settle what the system of government is to be. Today and for the last few hundred years we have been mainly (17 – управлять) by sovereign states. That is changing. We are now increasingly governed, indirectly or directly, by (18 – международные организации), for example the (19 – Европейский Союз). But the state still occupies centre stage, especially when it comes to (20 – обеспечить соблюдение законов). E Collocations 1 Look at the expressions in the box below. Which means… a suspected of having committed a crime? b she doesn’t follow rules? c we are all equal in the eyes of the law? d take revenge without using the legal system? e bossing people about? f what I say must be respected? g illegal? h obeying and respecting the law? i legally? a law unto herself laying down the law against the law take the law into my own hands no one is above the law by law in trouble with the law law-abiding my word is law 2 Complete these sentences with the expressions in 1. a After years as a ________ citizen, John decided to rob a bank and flee the country. b Policeman: You were doing 160 kilometres per hour. Prince: Yes, but do you know who I am? Policeman: Yes, but ________. c There was a constable here earlier. I think Mark’s ________ again! d I was tempted to ________ and wring his neck. e ‘Do this! Do that! Be back by 10!’ My father was always ________. f You can never tell what Ruth’s going to do. She’s ________. g I’m the boss and ________. h Most Europeans are required ________ to carry ID cards. i In some countries it’s ________ to chew gum. Discussion Look at the proposals for laws below. Discuss with your group which would affect you personally. Which of these laws would make the world a better place? a No one should work more than a 32-hour week. b Shops should all be open 24 hours a day. c Cars should be banned from city centres. d The dropping of chewing gum should be forbidden. e Mobile phones should not be used in public areas. Over to you “Society can do without lawyers.” Write a paragraph containing two arguments for and two against this statement. Then discuss your answer with other students. |
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