Theory of translation
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PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATION 25
CHAPTER 1. What Is Translation? 25
§ 1. TRANSLATION STUDIES 25
§ 2. SEMIOTIC APPROACH 26
§ 3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH 27
§ 4. DIALECTICS OF TRANSLATION 28
§ 5. TRANSLATION INVARIANT 29
§ 6. UNIT OF TRANSLATION 30
Chapter 2. TYPES OF TRANSLATION 30
§ 1. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA 30
§ 2. MACHINE TRANSLATION 31
§ 3. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING 32
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION 34
Chapter 3. EVALUATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION 35
§ 1. ADEQUATE AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION 35
§ 2. LITERAL TRANSLATION 36
§ 3. FREE TRANSLATION 37
§ 4. THE CONCEPT OF ‘UNTRANSLATABILITY’ 37
CHAPTER 4. Translation Equivalence 39
§ 1. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE 39
§ 2. PRAGMATIC LEVEL 39
§ 3. SITUATIONAL LEVEL 40
§ 4. SEMANTIC PARAPHRASE 40
§ 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE 41
§ 6. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE 41
§ 7. THE LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE HIERARCHY 42
CHAPTER 5. Ways of Achieving Equivalence 42
§ 1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 42
§ 2. TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION 43
§ 3. TRANSLITERATION 44
§ 4. CАLQUE TRANSLATION 46
§ 5. GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS 46
§ 6. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 48
§ 7. COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS 49
CHAPTER 6. Translation Models 50
§ 1. TRANSLATION PROCESS 51
§ 2. SITUATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 51
§ 3. TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 52
§ 4. SEMANTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 53
§ 5. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 54
PART II. HISTORY OF TRANSLATION 56
Chapter 1. WESTERN TRADITIONS OF TRANSLATION 56
§ 1. TRANSLATION DURING ANTIQUITY 57
§ 2. TRANSLATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES 57
§ 3. RENAISSANCE TRANSLATION 58
§ 4. ENLIGHTENMENT TRANSLATION (17-18th c.) 60
§ 5. TRANSLATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY 61
§ 6. TRANSLATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY 63
Chapter 2. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN TRANSLATION 64
§ 1. OLD RUSSIAN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 64
§2. TRANSLATION IN THE 18TH CENTURY 65
§ 3. RUSSIAN TRANSLATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY 67
§4. TRANSLATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY 70
§5. TRANSLATION AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY 71
§6. TRANSLATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY 72
PART III. GRAMMAR PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 74
Chapter 1. FORMAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOURCE TEXT AND TARGET TEXT 74
Source language and target language texts differ formally due to a number of reasons of both objective and subjective character. Objective reasons are caused by the divergence in the language systems and speech models. Subjective reasons can be attributed to the speaker’s choice of a language form. 74
Chapter 2. TRANSLATING FINITE VERB FORMS 75
§1. TRANSLATING TENSE AND ASPECT FORMS 76
§2. TRANSLATING PASSIVE VOICE FORMS 77
§3. TRANSLATING THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD FORMS 79
Chapter 3. TRANSLATING NON-FINITE VERB FORMS 80
§1. TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE 80
§2. TRANSLATING THE GERUND 82
§3. TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLE 83
§4. TRANSLATING ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS 84
Chapter 4. TRANSLATING CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 87
§1. TYPES OF CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 87
§2. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CAUSAL VERBS 88
§3. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE VERBS TO HAVE, TO GET 88
§4. CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH NON-CAUSAL VERBS 89
Chapter 5. TRANSLATING PRONOUNS 90
§1. TRANSLATING PERSONAL PRONOUNS 90
§2. TRANSLATING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 92
§3. TRANSLATING RELATIVE PRONOUNS 92
§4. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUN ONE 93
§5. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUN КАЖДЫЙ / ВСЕ 94
§6. TRANSLATING PARTITIVE PRONOUNS SOME / ANY 94
§7. TRANSLATING DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 95
Chapter 6. TRANSLATING THE ARTICLE 96
§1. TRANSLATING THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 96
§2. TRANSLATING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 97
§3. TRANSLATING THE ZERO ARTICLE 98
Chapter 7. TRANSLATING ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTERS 99
§1. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASE 99
§2. TRANSLATING THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTER. 100
Chapter 8. SYNTACTIC CHANGES IN TRANSLATION 102
§1. COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN SENTENCE 102
§2. WORD ORDER CHANGE DUE TO THE FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE 103
§3. SENTENCE PARTITIONING AND INTEGRATION 104
Chapter 9. DIFFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION 105
§1. PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN 105
§2. DIFFERENCES IN COMMA USAGE 106
§3. USING THE DASH 107
§4. USING QUOTATION MARKS 108
§5. USING THE COLON AND SEMICOLON 108
§6. USING THE ELLIPSES 108
PART IV. SEMANTIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 110
Chapter 1. WORD CHOICE IN TRANSLATION 110
§1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 110
§2. INTERACTION OF WORD SEMANTIC STRUCTURES 111
§3. WORD CONNOTATION IN TRANSLATION 112
§4. INTRALINGUISTIC MEANING 114
§5. CONTEXUALLY-BOUND WORDS 115
Chapter 2. TRANSLATING REALIA 117
§1. CULTURE-BOUND AND EQUIVALENT-LACKING WORDS 117
§2. TYPES OF CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 117
§3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 119
§4. TRANSLATING PEOPLE’S NAMES 121
§5. TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS 123
§6. TRANSLATING PUBLISHED EDITIONS 124
§7. TRANSLATING ERGONYMS 125
Chapter 3. TRANSLATING TERMS 126
§1. TRANSLATION FACTORS 126
§2. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE 128
§3. TERMS IN FICTION AND MAGAZINES 130
Chapter 4. TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDS 131
Chapter 5. PHRASEOLOGICAL AND METAPHORICAL TRANSLATION 134
§1. METAPHOR AND THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT 134
§2. INTERLINGUAL METAPHORIC TRANSFORMATIONS 135
§3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS 137
§4. CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING IDIOMS 139
Chapter 6. METONYMICAL TRANSLATION 140
§1. DEFINITIONS 140
§2. LEXICAL METONYMIC TRANSFORMATION 141
§3. PREDICATE TRANSLATION 142
§4. SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS 143
Chapter 7. ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 144
§1. DEFINITION 144
§2. CONVERSIVE TRANSFORMATION 145
§3. SHIFTING NEGATIVE MODALITY 145
§4. REASONS FOR ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 147
Chapter 8. DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD COMBINABILITY 147
§1. REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN WORD COMBINABILITY 147
§2. TRANSLATION OF ADVERBIAL VERBS 149
§3. TRANSLATING CONDENSED SYNONYMS 151
Chapter 9. TRANSLATING NEW COINAGES: DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD BUILDING 152
§1. COMPOUNDS 152
§2. CONVERSION 154
§3. AFFIXATION 156
§4. ABBREVIATION 158
PART V. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 162
Chapter 1. TRANSLATION PRAGMATICS 162
§1. CONCEPT OF PRAGMATICS 162
§2. TEXT PRAGMATICS 164
§3. AUTHOR’S COMMUNICATIVE INTENTION 166
§4. COMMUNICATIVE EFFECT UPON THE RECEPTOR 169
§5. TRANSLATOR’S IMPACT 172
Chapter 2. SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATION 173
§1. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS 173
§2. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION AND MODALITY IN TRANSLATION. 174
§3. EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 179
§4. PHATIC FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 183
§5. CONATIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 186
Chapter 3. FUNCTIONAL STYLES AND TRANSLATION 190
§1. FUNCTIONAL STYLE, REGISTER: DEFINITION 190
§2. TRANSLATING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STYLE 191
§3. TRANSLATING BUREAUCRATIC STYLE 195
§4. TRANSLATING JOURNALISTIC (PUBLICISTIC) STYLE 198
Chapter 4. RENDERING STYLISTIC DEVICES IN TRANSLATION 202
§1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES 202
§2. TRANSLATION OF EPITHETS 204
§3. TRANSLATION OF PERIPHRASE 206
§4. TRANSLATION OF PUNS 207
§5. TRANSLATION OF ALLUSIONS AND QUOTATIONS 210
Chapter 5. TRANSLATION NORMS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A TRANSLATION 211
§1. NORMS OF TRANSLATION 211
§2. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TRANSLATION. 215
Chapter 6. TRANSLATION ETIQUETTE 218
§1. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ETIQUETTE, AND PROTOCOL 218
§2. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT 219
§3. PROTOCOL CEREMONIES 221
APPENDIX 1. 227
Russian-English Transliteration Chart 227
APPENDIX 2. 227
Russian-English-Chinese Transliteration Chart 227
Учебное издание 230
Зоя Григорьевна Прошина 230
Подписано в печать Формат 60х84 1/16 231
PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATION 25
CHAPTER 1. What Is Translation? 25
§ 1. TRANSLATION STUDIES 25
§ 2. SEMIOTIC APPROACH 26
§ 3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH 27
§ 4. DIALECTICS OF TRANSLATION 28
§ 5. TRANSLATION INVARIANT 29
§ 6. UNIT OF TRANSLATION 30
Chapter 2. TYPES OF TRANSLATION 30
§ 1. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA 30
§ 2. MACHINE TRANSLATION 31
§ 3. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING 32
§ 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION 34
Chapter 3. EVALUATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION 35
§ 1. ADEQUATE AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION 35
§ 2. LITERAL TRANSLATION 36
§ 3. FREE TRANSLATION 37
§ 4. THE CONCEPT OF ‘UNTRANSLATABILITY’ 37
CHAPTER 4. Translation Equivalence 39
§ 1. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE 39
§ 2. PRAGMATIC LEVEL 39
§ 3. SITUATIONAL LEVEL 40
§ 4. SEMANTIC PARAPHRASE 40
§ 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE 41
§ 6. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE 41
§ 7. THE LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE HIERARCHY 42
CHAPTER 5. Ways of Achieving Equivalence 42
§ 1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 42
§ 2. TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION 43
§ 3. TRANSLITERATION 44
§ 4. CАLQUE TRANSLATION 46
§ 5. GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS 46
§ 6. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 48
§ 7. COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS 49
CHAPTER 6. Translation Models 50
§ 1. TRANSLATION PROCESS 51
§ 2. SITUATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 51
§ 3. TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 52
§ 4. SEMANTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 53
§ 5. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 54
| PART IV. SEMANTIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 110 Chapter 1. WORD CHOICE IN TRANSLATION 110 §1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 110 §2. INTERACTION OF WORD SEMANTIC STRUCTURES 111 §3. WORD CONNOTATION IN TRANSLATION 112 §4. INTRALINGUISTIC MEANING 114 §5. CONTEXUALLY-BOUND WORDS 115 Chapter 2. TRANSLATING REALIA 117 §1. CULTURE-BOUND AND EQUIVALENT-LACKING WORDS 117 §2. TYPES OF CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 117 §3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 119 §4. TRANSLATING PEOPLE’S NAMES 121 §5. TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS 123 §6. TRANSLATING PUBLISHED EDITIONS 124 §7. TRANSLATING ERGONYMS 125 Chapter 3. TRANSLATING TERMS 126 §1. TRANSLATION FACTORS 126 §2. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE 128 §3. TERMS IN FICTION AND MAGAZINES 130 Chapter 4. TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDS 131 Chapter 5. PHRASEOLOGICAL AND METAPHORICAL TRANSLATION 134 §1. METAPHOR AND THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT 134 §2. INTERLINGUAL METAPHORIC TRANSFORMATIONS 135 §3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS 137 §4. CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING IDIOMS 139 Chapter 6. METONYMICAL TRANSLATION 140 §1. DEFINITIONS 140 §2. LEXICAL METONYMIC TRANSFORMATION 141 §3. PREDICATE TRANSLATION 142 §4. SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS 143 Chapter 7. ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 144 §1. DEFINITION 144 §2. CONVERSIVE TRANSFORMATION 145 §3. SHIFTING NEGATIVE MODALITY 145 §4. REASONS FOR ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 147 Chapter 8. DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD COMBINABILITY 147 §1. REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN WORD COMBINABILITY 147 §2. TRANSLATION OF ADVERBIAL VERBS 149 §3. TRANSLATING CONDENSED SYNONYMS 151 Chapter 9. TRANSLATING NEW COINAGES: DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD BUILDING 152 §1. COMPOUNDS 152 §2. CONVERSION 154 §3. AFFIXATION 156 §4. ABBREVIATION 158 PART V. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 162 Chapter 1. TRANSLATION PRAGMATICS 162 §1. CONCEPT OF PRAGMATICS 162 §2. TEXT PRAGMATICS 164 §3. AUTHOR’S COMMUNICATIVE INTENTION 166 §4. COMMUNICATIVE EFFECT UPON THE RECEPTOR 169 §5. TRANSLATOR’S IMPACT 172 Chapter 2. SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATION 173 §1. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS 173 §2. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION AND MODALITY IN TRANSLATION. 174 §3. EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 179 §4. PHATIC FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 183 §5. CONATIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 186 Chapter 3. FUNCTIONAL STYLES AND TRANSLATION 190 §1. FUNCTIONAL STYLE, REGISTER: DEFINITION 190 §2. TRANSLATING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STYLE 191 §3. TRANSLATING BUREAUCRATIC STYLE 195 §4. TRANSLATING JOURNALISTIC (PUBLICISTIC) STYLE 198 Chapter 4. RENDERING STYLISTIC DEVICES IN TRANSLATION 202 §1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES 202 §2. TRANSLATION OF EPITHETS 204 §3. TRANSLATION OF PERIPHRASE 206 §4. TRANSLATION OF PUNS 207 §5. TRANSLATION OF ALLUSIONS AND QUOTATIONS 210 Chapter 5. TRANSLATION NORMS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A TRANSLATION 211 §1. NORMS OF TRANSLATION 211 §2. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TRANSLATION. 215 Chapter 6. TRANSLATION ETIQUETTE 218 §1. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ETIQUETTE, AND PROTOCOL 218 §2. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT 219 §3. PROTOCOL CEREMONIES 221 APPENDIX 1. 227 Russian-English Transliteration Chart 227 APPENDIX 2. 227 Russian-English-Chinese Transliteration Chart 227 Учебное издание 230 Зоя Григорьевна Прошина 230 Подписано в печать Формат 60х84 1/16 231 |
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