LESSON FIVE
Grammar. Revision of Non-Finite Forms of the Verb.
Text A. Central Processing Unit.
Text B. Generations of Computer Systems.
Dialogue. Telephone Talk.
Exercises
Read the international words and guess their meaning:
Nerve, system, to coordinate, to control, activity, central, processor, separate, section, role, to discuss, function, to interpret, actual, interpretation, signal, to decode, generator, automatically, accumulator, argument, decoder
Pronounce the following words correctly:
activity [æk'tiviti] n – деятельность
apply [ə'plai] v – применять, прилагать, прикладывать
execute ['eksikju:t] v – выполнять, осуществлять
carry out ['kæri'aut] v – выполнять, проводить
process ['prouses] n – процесс, v обрабатывать
load [loud] n – нагрузка, загрузка, ввод, v загружать
convenient [kən'vi:njənt] a – удобный
consider [kən'sidə] v – считать, полагать, рассматривать sequentially [si'kwenƒəli] adv – последовательно
design [di'zain] n – проект, конструкция, v проектировать, конструировать
happen ['hæp(ə)n] v – случаться
transfer [træns'fə:] v – передавать, переносить, выполнять команду перехода
hence [hens] adv – следовательно
involve [in'volv] v – включать в себя, вовлекать
argument ['a:gjumənt] n – аргумент
accumulator [ə'kju:mjuleitə] n – накапливающий сумматор
obtain [əb'tein] v – получать, достигать
previous ['pri:vjəs] a – предыдущий, предшествующий
accomplish [ə'kлmpliƒ] v – выполнять, совершать
separate ['sepəreit] v – разделять, отделять
sense [sens] v – считывать, воспринимать
cause [ko:z] v – заставлять, причинять, вызывать choose [tƒu:z] v – выбирать
refer [ri'fə:] v (to) – относить(ся), ссылаться (на)
facilitate [fə´siliteit] v – облегчать, способствовать
contents ['kontənts] n pl – содержимое, содержание
relate [ri'leit] v – относиться, иметь отношение регистрация
record ['reko:d] n – запись, [ri'co:d] v – записывать
Grammar Review
Объектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Object) состоит из:
существительного (в общем падеже) инфинитив
или местоимения (в объектном падеже + смыслового
me, him, her, us, you, them) глагола
We consider the results to be satisfactory.
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Мы считаем, что результаты удовлетворительны.
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Объектный инфинитивный оборот переводится на русский язык придаточным дополнительным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы:
He wants me to help him.
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Он хочет, чтобы я помог ему.
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I consider him to be dangerous.
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Я считаю, что он опасен.
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3. Memorize the following word combinations:
a central processor – центральный процессор
a control unit – блок управления
a control generator – генератор управления
an instruction decoder – дешифратор команд
an instruction register – регистр команд
a current-address register – регистр текущего адреса
an arithmetic and logic unit – арифметическое/логическое устройство
at the proper time – в надлежащее время
control signals – сигналы управления
in its turn – в свою очередь
on the basis of – на основе
at а time – за одно время (одновременно)
in this way – таким образом
while an instruction is being executed – во время выполнения команды
ТЕХТ A
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The central processing unit (CPU) or central processor is the nerve centre of any digital computer system, since it coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units and performs all the arithmetic and logic processes to be applied to data. All program instructions to be executed must be held within the CPU, and all the data to be processed must be loaded first into this unit. It is convenient to consider the central processor to have three separate hardware sections: an internal or main memory, an arithmetic and logic unit and a control unit. The role of the internal memory was discussed more detailed in the previous lesson. Now let us discuss the latter two sections. (All the sections of the CPU are shown in Fig. 2.)
 Figure 2. The Simplest Block Diagram of a Computer
2. The CPU has two functions: it must (1) obtain instructions from the memory and interpret them, as well as (2) perform the actual operations. The first function is executed by the control unit. This unit in its turn must perform two functions: it must (1) interpret the instruction; then on the basis of this interpretation (2) tell the arithmetic and logic unit what to do next. The latter function is accomplished through the use of electronic signals. According to these two functions we can separate the part of the control unit that interprets or decodes the instruction called the instruction decoder from the part that generates the control signals called the control generator.
3. An instruction having been transmitted to the instruction decoder, where it is interpreted, and the control generator senses this interpretation and then produces signals that tell the arithmetic unit which operation to perform. It also generates signals that choose the proper numbers from the memory and sends them to the arithmetic and logic unit at the proper time; and when operation has been performed, other control signals take the result from the arithmetic and logic unit back to the internal memory. After an instruction has been executed, the control generator produces signals that cause the next instruction to go from the memory to the instruction decoder. In this way the instructions are performed sequentially.
4. The second function of the CPU is performed by the arithmetic and logic unit which does the actual operations. This unit is capable of performing automatically addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparing, selecting, and other mathematical and logical operations. Consider now what happens in the arithmetic and logic unit while an instruction is being executed. In most computers only one word at a time can be transferred between the arithmetic/ logic unit and the memory. Hence, to perform an operation involving two arguments, the first argument must be transferred from the memory to the arithmetic/logic unit and stored there temporarily while the second argument is being transferred. The special memory cell in the arithmetic/logic unit for this purpose is called the accumulator. The operation being performed, the result is formed in the accumulator before it is transmitted back to memory.
5. Next consider the instruction decoder that interprets instruction. In order to perform its function, the instruction decoder must constantly refer to the instruction interpreted while control signals are being set up. To facilitate this, while an instruction is being executed, it is stored in a special memory cell called the instruction register located in the instruction decoder.
6. There is another memory cell 16cated in the instruction decoder called the current-address register. The contents of this register are always the memory address from which the instruction executed came. The reason for this is related to the fact that the address of the present instruction was given as a part of the previous instruction.
To understand the work of the CPU is quite necessary for the computer designer.
Notes:
while control signals are being set up — во время формирования сигналов управления
the reason for this is related to the fact — причина этого заключена в том
Exercises
4. Find in (b) the Russian equivalents to the English words and word combinations in (a):
a) hence, for example, according to, by means of, i.e., etc., always, just, on the other hand, since, any, in its turn, sometimes, the same, while, in this way, instead (of), usually
b) то есть, например, всегда, только что, с другой стороны, так как, в свою очередь, иногда, тот же самый, любой, следовательно, и так далее, в то время как, таким образом, вместо, согласно, обычно, посредством
5. Arrange synonyms in pairs:
semiconductor technology, to execute, to write, to control, memory, to sense, to choose, to form, to feel, storage, to store, to set up, to handle, solid-state technology, to perform, to keep, to select, research, to put in, investigation
6. Complete the following sentences:
1. The arithmetic/logic unit is capable of.... 2. The access time is the time required for transmitting one computer ... out of the ... to where it ... .3. The actual computations are executed in a central ... .4. The part of the control that interprets the instruction is called ... .5. The part of the control that generates the control signals is called ... .6. The control signals choose the proper numbers from ... and send them to ... at the proper time.
7. Memorize the following definitions:
1. The CPU is the nerve centre of any computer since it coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units. 2. The arithmetic/logic unit is that part of the CPU in which the actual computations take place. 3. The control unit is that part of the CPU which obtains instructions from the memory, interprets them and generates the control signals. 4. The instruction decoder is the part of the control unit which interprets or decodes the instruction. 5. The control generator is the part of the control unit which generates the control signals. 6. The instruction register is the part of the instruction decoder in which the address of the current instruction is stored. 7. The current-address register is the second special memory cell located in the instruction decoder. 8 The accumulator is the special memory cell in the arithmetic/logic unit in which the result is formed before it is transferred back to the memory unit.
8. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the general purpose and function of the CPU? 2. How many parts is the CPU composed of? 3. What is the general purpose of the control? 4. What is the arithmetic/ logic unit? 5. What is the instruction decoder? 6. What is the general function of the control generator? 7. What happens in the CPU while an instruction is being executed? 8. What is the accumulator? 9. Where is the accumulator located? 10. Where are the instruction register and the current-address register located?
9. What do you call a unit which:
1) interprets instructions? 2) senses the interpretation of instructions and produces control signals? 3) performs mathematical and logical operations? 4) chooses the proper numbers from the internal memory and sends them to the arithmetic/logic unit at the proper time? 5) obtains instructions from the main memory, interprets them and accomplishes the actual operations?
10. Compare:
a) a memory and a CPU;
b) an accumulator and an instruction decoder;
c) an arithmetic/logic unit and a control unit.
11. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Objective Infinitive Constructions and for-phrases with the Infinitive:
1 Our engineers want the complex problems to be solved by computers. 2. In the laboratory we saw the perforator punch holes in the cards of standard size. 3. It is quite necessary for the programmer to understand the work of all units of a computer. 4. We watched the floppy disk begin to operate. 5. The speed of the computer may be found by measuring the time which is required for it to transmit one word out of the memory to where it will be used. 6. We asked the lab assistant to show us the computer SM-2 operates. 7. There is a good reason for us to use this kind of the bubble memory in a personal computer. 8. Information has to be in the form of digits or characters for a digital computer to perform reasonable operations.
12. Define the Infinitive constructions and translate the sentences:
1. We know B. Pascal to be the first inventor of the mechanical computer. 2. В. Pascal is known to be the first inventor of the mechanical computer. 3. In the middle of the 17th century it was possible for B. Pascal to invent only the mechanical computer. 4. The possibility for the problem to be solved is illustrated by the given formula. 5. Human beings seem to be able to find facts or even logical consequence of facts in their memory according to association. 6. The magnetic recording is done on a disk which permits information to be stored or read at one or several points on it. 7. The students were explained the high-speed memory unit to use the LSI circuits. 8. For results to be obtained an instruction has first been put into a computer.
13. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the ing-forms:
1. According to the principles of their work computers are subdivided into three parts: analog, digital and hybrid. 2. When applying mathematical methods to the solving of technical problems engineers are most often interested in obtaining a finite numerical result. 3. Proper relations between theory and practice must be observed in training young specialists. 4. Mathematical tables are necessary aids for performing computational work. 5. The students get some practical training when they are working at various plants. 6. When performing the problems in mathematical practice, the students use desk calculators such as arithmometers, key computing machines and slide rules. 7. In modern computers LSI circuits and RAM/ROM memories are used for executing sophisticated operations. 8. A memory unit is used for storing information. 9. Electronics being used not only in industry but in many other fields of human activity as well, one should have an idea of what it is. 10. The processing of messages can be performed sequentially, i.e., a new task is not given until the current one is completed. 11. Having conducted many experiments scientists proved that electricity had an atomic character. 12. The fast electronic machines such as microcomputers are effective for carrying out complicated computations.
14. Read Text B and translate it with a dictionary. Write a short summary:
TEXT B
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
The 1st-generation computer systems (beginning approximately in 1950) employed vacuum tubes as the primary switching component in the processor. Memories were constructed of liquid mercury delay lines or magnetic drums (BESM-1, MINSK-1, IBM 650 are examples).
The 2nd-generation systems began around the late 1950's and used transistors instead of vacuum tubes and memories were made of magnetizable cores (BESM-4 and 6, MINSK-32, M-220, IBM 1401 are examples). Size was reduced and reliability was improved significantly in the 2nd-generation systems. The 2nd generation was primarily a batch processing-environment with a single program running at one time.
The 3rd-generation computers beginning in the middle of 1960s introduced processors made of integrated circuits (ES-1033, -1045, M-6000, NAIRI-3, SM-3, IBM-360 and 370 are examples). The 3rd generation also introduced system software technologies like Operating Systems and Data Base Management Systems. On-line systems were widely developed throughout the 3rd generation, although most processing was still batch oriented.
The 4th generation is more evolutionary than revolutionary. Starting in the middle of 1970s the 4th-generation computer logic and memory were built almost entirely of chips which contain extremely large numbers of electronic components. The 4th generation embraces extensive integration of small and large computers together in a distributed processing environment. (The examples of the 4G computers in our country are ES-1065, NAIRI-4, ELEKTRONIKA-60, ISKRA-1256 etc.)
The 5th generation ought to become formalized by 1990s. VLSI and SLSI technologies will put mainframes on everyone’s desk. Optical fibers, videodisks and technologies now in the research labs will be used to construct the 5th-generation computer systems. Artificial intelligence techniques will be incorporated into every type of application. By the turn of the century a computer should be able to converse rather intelligently with a person.
Notes:
as the primary switching component – в качестве первичного переключающего элемента
liquid mercury delay lines – линии задержки на жидкой ртути
a batch processing environment – функциональные средства пакетной обработки
operating systems – операционные системы
on-line systems – системы, работающие от ЦПУ
a distributed processing environment – функциональные средства распределенной обработки
the 4G = the 4th generation – четвертое поколение
mainframes – зд. большие компьютеры
optical fibers – оптические волокна
artificial intelligence – искусственный интеллект
15. Read the following dialogue. Try to reproduce it.
TEXT C
TELEPHONE TALK
A: Hallo!
В: Is that you, Alec? This is Boris speaking. Why didn't you attend lectures? The whole group's anxious about you, you know.
A Oh, I'm not very well and I have to stay at home.
B: What's the matter with you?
A: It's the flu. My temperature is 38. I have a bad headache. I feel so upset —in some days we'll have the exam in computers.
B: What does the doctor say?
A: He says I must stay in bed for three or four days and take some medicine.
B: Can I do anything for you?
A: Bring me your notes, please. I missed some lectures and now I can't catch the idea of what difference between bipolar and bubble memory is, and what random access memory and read-only memory are ... and what chips are...
B: All right. By the way, I've got a textbook "Microcomputer Design". I'll bring it if you like.
A: Thank you, I need it badly. How long may I keep it?
B: Keep it as long as you like. I can borrow another copy from the library. Good-bye. See you in the evening.
A: Good-bye. Give my best regards to the group, please.
Notes:
to be anxious – беспокоиться
'flu = influenza – грипп
a headache – головная боль
to feel upset – расстраиваться
to catch the idea – понять
by the way – между прочим
I need it badly – она мне очень нужна
to borrow (from the library) – брать (из библиотеки)
Give my best regards – передай привет
LESSON SIX
Grammar. The Gerund and - ing Forms.
Text A. Microcomputer and Microprocessor Design.
Text B. Russian Supercomputer.
Text C. RAM and ROM.
Exercises
Read the international words and guess their meaning:
Electronics, microcomputer, microprocessor, chip, function, system, application, intelligent, evolution, revolution, combination, personal, maximum, minimum, individual, industrial, product, limited, attraction, type, component, compact, to orient
Pronounce the following words correctly:
invent [in'vent] v – изобретатель
single ['siηgl] a – один, единый
tiny ['taini] a – крошечный
application [,æpli'keiƒ(ə)n] n – применение, использование
sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] a – усложненный, тонкий (о приборе и т. п.)
occur [ə'kə:] v – случаться; происходить
inexpensive [,iniks'pensiv] a – недорогой, дешевый
implement ['implimənt] v – выполнять, осуществлять
significantly [sig'nifikəntli] adv – значительно, существенно
reduce [ri'dju:s] v – уменьшать, сокращать
cost [kost] n – стоимость, цена
support [sə'po:t] v – обеспечивать
user ['ju:zə] n – пользователь, абонент
increase [in'kri:s] v – увеличивать
supply [sə'plai] n – источник, питание, подача
retain [ri'tein] v – удерживать, сохранять
allow [ə'lau] v – позволять, разрешать
variety [və'raiəti] n – разнообразие, (of) ряд, множество complete [kəm'pli:t] a – полный, v заканчивать, завершать
mainframe ['meinfreim] n – центральный блок обработки данных
consumer [kən'sju:mə] n – потребитель
ability [ə'biliti] n – способность, умение
fetch [fetƒ] v – вызывать, выбирать (данные из памяти)
counter ['kauntə] n – счетчик
increment ['inkrimənt] n – приращение, инкремент, v увеличивать(ся)
capability [,keipə'biliti] n – способность, pl возможности
reside [ri'zaid] v – размещать(ся) в памяти
appear [ə'piə] v – появляться
appliance [ə'plaiəns] n – устройство
приспособление, прибор
attraction [ə'trækƒ(ə)n] n – привлекательность, притяжение
junction ['dʒлηkƒən] n – переход, плоскостной транзистор
available [ə'veiləbl] а – доступный, имеющийся в наличии, пригодный
conventional [kən'venƒənl] а – обычный, общепринятый
Grammar Review
Герундий (THE GERUND) – это неличная форма глагола, обладающая одновременно свойствами существитель - ного и глагола. Герундий выражает процесс действия.
Например:
increasing – увеличение
obtaining – получение
heating – нагревание.
Характерным признаком герундия является наличие перед ним: 1) предлога, 2) притяжательного местоимения или 3) существительного в притяжательном или общем падеже.
В предложении герундий может быть:
1) подлежащим;
Smoking is not allowed here.
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Курение здесь не разрешается.
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2) частью сказуемого;
His hobby is driving a car.
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Его любимое занятие – водить (вождение) машину.
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3) дополнением;
He likes reading.
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Он любит читать.
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4) определением;
There are different ways of obtaining this substance.
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Существуют различные способы получения этого вещества.
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5) обстоятельством;
After receiving good results they stopped experiments.
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Получив хорошие результаты, они прекратили эксперименты.
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Memorize the following words and word combinations:
since – так как; с тех пор, как; когда; с; со
large (small) scale – крупномасштабный, большой
assembly line – линия сборки
a personal computer – персональный компьютер
an user terminal – терминал пользователя
64 KB of memory – память объемом в 64 килобайта
power supply – электропитание, подача энергии
in addition to – кроме того, дополнительно к
just as so ... – точно так же как ..., так и ...
moreover – более того
TEXT A
MICROCOMPUTER AND MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN
1. Since the transistor was invented, no single electronics innovation has had such an impact as microcomputer. Powered by tiny semiconductor chips containing computing elements with the same power and functions previously found only in large scale computers, these microcomputers systems are now being applied to literally thousands of applications. Microcomputers are automating assembly lines, providing the heart of sophisticated electronic games, making "intelligent" computer peripherals even faster. This revolution is occurring because microcomputers are very inexpensive, easy to implement into a system and significantly reduce the time and cost of product development.
2. The microcomputers were the first computers to use a single microprocessor chip as the processor. Personal computers and small business computers are microcomputers. 8-bit microcomputers usually support only one user terminal and have a maximum of 64 KB of memory. 16-bit microcomputers may support several user terminals and usually have a maximum of 1 million bytes of memory. As the power of microcomputers increases, they can be used in two ways. They can be used either as a central computer (providing processing for several user terminals), or as a more powerful single computer for an individual user.
3. A microprocessor is the tiny processor used, as mentioned above, in microcomputers. The microprocessor requires a power supply and memory to be a complete computer. Microprocessors are also used in minicomputers, mainframes and peripheral devices, as well as in all industrial and consumer products that use a computer.
4. As usual processors all microprocessors have the ability to fetch (obtain from memory) and execute a limited set of instructions, to perform addition and subtraction on a binary word and to input (take in) and output (put out) binary data. After fetching an operational code from the program in memory, while this operation is being executed, the program counter is automatically incremented by one unit. At the completion of the instruction, it is then ready with the address for the following program instruction. In many situations the microprocessors have many more capabilities that application requires.
5. In conclusion some words more about single-chip microcomputers. They, where control functions and memory circuits reside on one chip, are beginning to appear in consumer appliances. One of their attractions is the fact that programmable read-only memories PROMs that can be included on these chips require no electrical power to retain data. In addition to providing permanent storage, PROMs also allow one type of micro to be stocked as a standard component that can be programmed individually to provide a variety of control functions.
6. Just as computer circuits have grown smaller, so too have memory circuits. Moreover, new technologies such as the bubble memory and Josephson-junction memory show the ability for providing more compact memories that retain data with little or no applied power. These new memories allow micros to be used where power is not always available and conventional read-only memories do not have enough capacity.
Notes:
innovation – новшество
an impact – зд. влияние
powered by tiny semiconductor chips – приводимые в действие крошечными полупроводниковыми кристаллами (чипами)
literally – буквально
"intelligent" – «умный» (зд. к вычислительной машине)
micro = microcomputer – микрокомпьютер
to stock – запасать
Josephson-junction memory – запоминающее устройство с переходом Джозефсона (прогрессивная технология изготовления полупроводниковых кристаллов (чипов) пересечением слоев сверхпроводящих металлов)
Exercises
4. For the nouns in column II find suitable attributes in column I and translate:
I
1. user
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II
1. computer
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2. power
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2. lines
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3. intelligent
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3. products
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4. large-scale
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4. terminal
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5. permanent
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5. supply
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6. assembly
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6. peripherals
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7. consumer
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7. storage
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8. tiny
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8. counter
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9. program
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9. semiconductor chips
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10. computing
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10. microprocessor
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11. single-chip
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11. element
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5. Find the Russian equivalents to the following English word combinations:
1. no single innovation; 2. the ability to fetch; 3.a variety of control functions; 4. more powerful; 5. mainframes and peripheral devices; 6.a limited set of instructions; 7. 8-bit microcomputers; 8. significantly reduce the time and cost; 9. to retain data; 10. in addition to; 11. an individual user; 12.a personal computer; 13. literally thousands of applications; 14 a standard component
1. персональный компьютер; 2. кроме того; 3. стандартный элемент; 4. удерживать данные; 5. множество функций управления; 6. ограниченный набор команд; 7. большие компьютеры и периферийные устройства; 8. способность выбирать (команду из памяти); 9. разрядные микрокомпьютеры; 10. индивидуальный пользователь; 11. более мощный; 12. значительно уменьшают время и стоимость; 13. буквально тысячи применений; 14. ни одно новшество
6. Memorize the following definitions:
1. A microcomputer is a small-scale computer using a single microprocessor chip in its architecture. 2. A microprocessor is a tiny processor on a single chip. 3. A personal computer is a computer used for home or personal use. Personal computers are microcomputers.
7. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the reason for appearing microcomputers? 2. What component do the microcomputers use as the processor? 3. How many user terminals do 8-bit microcomputers support? 4. What is the density of memory of 16-bit microcomputers? 5. What is a microcomputer? 6. What is a microprocessor? 7. Where are microprocessors used? 8. What ability do the microprocessors have? 9. What new progressive technologies are used in memory units? 10. What memories are used in microcomputers?
8. Translate the words of the same root. Define parts of speech:
to use – user – a use – useful – useless; to process – a process – processed – processor; inexpensive – expensive; type – typical; to invent – inventor – invention; power – powerful – powerless – powered; to conduct – conductor – semiconductor – conducted; to contain – container; to combine – combined – combination – recombination; electron – electronic – electronics; to apply – application – applied – appliance – applicant; automatic – automatically – automatical – automaton – automated – automation – to automatize; to implement – implementation; operational – to operate – operator – operation; to complete – complete – completion; to attract – attractive – attraction; capable – capability; convention – conventional – conventionally; capacity – capacitor – capacitance
9. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to ing-forms:
1. The operand length, being powers of two, permit maximum efficiency in the use of binary addressing and in matching the physical word size of storage. 2. Floating-point arithmetic is designed to allow easy translation between the two formats. 3. The fraction of a floating-point number is expressed in hexadecimal digits, each consisting of four binary bits and having the values 0—15. 4. Bytes locations in storage are consecutively numbered starting with 0; each number is considered the address of corresponding byte. 5. The floating-point instruction set provides for loading, adding, subtracting, comparing, multiplying, dividing and storing as well as the sign control of short and long operands. 6. The specific meaning of any setting is significant only to the operation setting in the condition code. 7. The process of discovering, locating and correcting errors proved to be one of the most difficult, often taking considerably longer time than writing the program in the first place and using much machine time. 8. Although programming techniques have improved greatly since the early days, the process of finding and correcting errors in programs known as "debugging" still remains the most difficult and unsatisfactory operation. 9. We are reaching the limit of the human ability to write complicated programs and the software crisis really is the result of trying to make the human beings write them. 10. The central processing unit contains the facilities for addressing main storage, for fetching or storing information, for arithmetic and logic processing of data, for sequencing instructions in the desired order and for initiating the communication between storage and external devices. 11. It is the compiling of a program that requires great attention of the programmer. 12. Compiling a program requires great attention of a programmer.
10. State the functions of the Gerund. Translate the sentences:
1. Logical operations consist of comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, and determining. 2. The way of solving this problem is very difficult. 3. After performing calculations a computer displays a result. 4. A set of marks or signs can be stored by polarizing little spots on a magnetic surface. 5. Differentiating and integrating are algebraic operations.6. Registers are used for storing information. 7. Blaze Pascal's merit consists in his constructing the first mechanical computer. 8. By performing the reasonable operations on a computer we solve different kinds of problems for our national economy.
11. Translate into English using the Gerund:
1.Одним из способов хранения информации внутри вычислительной машины является хранение с помощью ряда поляризованных точек на магнитной поверхности 2. Путем размещения специальных устройств внутри вы числительной машины можно хранить информацию. 3 Возведение в степень и извлечение квадратного корня – математические операции. 4. Компьютер используется для решения сложных задач.
12. Read Text В and translate it with a dictionary. Make up a list of key words:
TEXT B
RUSSIAN SUPERCOMPUTER
Russia has started production of PS-2000 computers capable of performing 200 million operations per second. Any computer performs many functions: in addition to number processing the computer controls the whole computing process and determines the sequence in which information is to arrive at its processors. In fact, the computer takes only one-tenth of its total operating time to do the computing. Russian supercomputer is a computer with computing elements free from all other functions. This becomes possible if supervision is assigned to special processors acting as managers. Operating with computing circuits these processors give instructions and run the queue of information to enter the processor from storage, etc.
The new computer concept attracted interest from the American Control Data Corporation (CDC) and resulted in the production of the Cybers, the fastest computers in the USA. It works like an assembly line with individual operations. Data have to pass through the entire length of the conveyer, no matter how many processors are there to process them. The Russian approach differs radically from the above. We suggested a principle whereby all processors respond to a single control command that leaves them a certain margin of freedom, with the possibility to sort out their data independently. Receiving a command "command" they all start off doing similar operations, later switching over to successive operations until the whole problem is solved. The efficiency of this parallel system is obvious.
First, similar operations can be handled at any speed as it depends on the number of processors involved. Second, a single control system for all processors is simple and, consequently, low-cost.
So far there are no computers in this class in the West. It is high-speed and low-cost. It can be used in weather forecasting, to predict patients' post-operational states or the behaviour of an airfoil which only exists in a blue-print, and also helps to pinpoint drilling sites for oil and gas, etc. The American Cyber-73 takes nearly two hours for pinpointing drilling sites. The Russian computer performs this operation in ten minutes.
Notes:
to run the queue [kju:] – управлять очередностью
the CDC – фирма, выпускающая вычислительное оборудование
cyber ['saibə] – кибер (от слова «кибернетика»)
whereby – посредством которого
a certain margin – определенный предел
until the whole problem is solved – до тех пор, пока задача не будет решена полностью
weather forecasting – прогноз погоды
an airfoil – профиль крыла
to pinpoint – указывать
drilling sites – места для бурения скважин
13. Read Text С. Find the answers to the following questions:
What kinds of memories do you know?
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
TEXT С
RAM AND ROM
Once the information is stored in a computer's memory, the computer can calculate, compare and copy this information. The memories are of different kinds. RAM and ROM are examples of the newest ones.
RAM stands for Random Access Memory, because information can be transferred into and out of any single byte of memory. The storage cells, i.e., bits of a RAM chip require power to retain their contents. If the power fails, the contents are lost.
ROM is firmware and stands for Read Only Memory. It is permanent memory chip for program storage. Instructions and information are stored in the ROM at the time of their manufacture and cannot be altered. All microcomputers use RAMs and ROMs.
Notes:
once [wлns] – как только, поскольку
to fail – иссякать, кончаться
to lose – терять
manufacture – изготовление
to alter ['o:ltə] – меняться
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW
Lady Loveless (1815-1852), the only daughter of the great English poet G.G. Byron, was the first programmer. She was a friend of Charles Babbage, the inventor of the first universal digital counting machine, and wrote the first program for this machine.
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